Visit the Kaunas New Town, developed as the center of the Kaunas fortress. Augustinas emaitis. At the time Lithuania was ruled by the Russian Empire which enacted discriminatory policies, was economically backward and left Lithuania undeveloped on purpose. From local to universal, from meaningful to forgotten, from straightforward to controversial: every week has festivities in Lithuania, each of them dating to a different historical period or group of people. Before World War II about 7.5% of the population was Jewish; they were concentrated in cities and towns and had a significant influence on crafts and business. Merging with the indigenous peoples, they gave rise to the Balts, a distinct Indo-European ethnic group whose descendants are the present-day Lithuanian and Latvian nations and the former Old Prussians. Primary schooling (Lithuanian: pradinis ugdymas) is available to children who have reached age 7 (or younger, should the parents so desire) and lasts four years. Travel to the walled Russian Orthodox religious community in Mikniks (Russian: Michnovo), Dzkija region. unspecified 14.1% (2011 est.) While to some ethnic Lithuanians any use of Russian is a reminder of the tragic history, some others enjoy Russian music and media, claiming that "culture and politics should not be mixed". Politologija: kurso santrauka istorijos egzaminui, 2003, p. 182. Significant religious minorities are concentrated in particular areas. After the two nations divorced Poles consider him a Pole while Lithuanians see him as a Lithuanian. The interior of a Roman Catholic Cathedral in iauliai city (Samogitia region). Due to intermarriages, some 6 million people worldwide may have at least a single great-great-grandparent from Lithuania by now. "Grynoriai" ("Free air men"). The party is most active in local politics and controls several municipal councils. Augustinas emaitis. *The Exiles (1940-1953). Its postament serves as a hall of fame for Lithuanian basketball players, among them Lithuanian-American Pranas Lubinas, the "grandfather of Lithuanian basketball". Races are thus seen as an external issue used to describe the global (rather than local) diversity. Among the Baltic states, Lithuania has the most homogeneous population. While most American sites in Lithuania are modest, they still provide a pleasant surprise for an American visitor reminding the role of the United States (and Lithuanian-Americans) in Lithuanian history. Another major part of architectural heritage of pre-20th century Lithuania are the manors in the countryside as well as in the cities and towns (where they are typically surrounded by well-crafted parks) that used to be owned by the noble families like counts Tikeviiai or dukes Oginskiai. Soviet settlers and their descendants make up ~6% of Lithuania's population. While there are other minorities in Lithuania it is very rare to hear any other language than Lithuanian, Russian or Polish spoken in Lithuania by locals in their own conversations (rather than when talking to foreigners). [2] The ethnic Lithuanian population is estimated to have been 420,000 out of 1.4 million in 1375 (the territory was about 700,000km2), and 550,000 out of 3.8 million in 1490 (territory: 850,000km2)[3] In addition to the Ruthenians and Lithuanians, other significant ethnic groups throughout GDL were Jews and Tatars. The numbers of Lithuania's Jews peaked in the 19th century when Lithuania was among the few lands of Russian Empire where they were allowed to freely settle. Lithuania's citizenship law and the Constitution meet international and OSCE standards, guaranteeing universal human and civil rights. Merging with the indigenous peoples, they gave rise to the Balts, a distinct Indo-European ethnic . For instance, there are many public schools where either Russian or Polish are used as themedium of instruction. [22] The Church has been the majority denomination since the Christianisation of Lithuania at the end of the 14th century. Create custom graphs. 8. The language. Vytautas Kasiulis museum (Vilnius New Town) exhibits the colorful works this Lithuanian-American painter bequeathed to Lithuania after his death. While Tatar numbers dwindled through assimilation, a few wooden mosques remained as an interesting addition to Lithuanian countryside. Its sea lions, dolphins, and Lithuanian shipping memorabilia have little to do with Germany, however, it is located in a 19th-century German sea fortress so you could witness another era of Klaipda's German defenses. Being a Christian country Lithuania has traditional Roman Catholic holidays as its most widely celebrated annual events. Only a few cities have brick pre-19th-century districts, however: Vilnius, Kaunas, and Kdainiai are the best-known examples. Russian Orthodox church still stands at a prominent location where all the main streets converge and a large share of Druskininkai visitors are Russian-speakers. By the time of the largest expansion towards Kievan Rus' lands, at the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, the territory of the GDL was about 800,000km2, of which 10% was ethnically Lithuanian. The cemetery has not been completely destroyed and leveled like the Lutheran cemeteries in Klaipda and Vilnius however, making it an interesting replacement for the never-built memorials to the Lutheran victims of Soviet Genocide. In the villages, many old wooden houses were replaced by similar looking prefab Alytus homes. However, owned by his noble relatives, it represents the life of 19th-century Russian nobility in Lithuania well enough. TheUSA was the favorite destination of Lithuanian migrants, especially during times of occupations. However, the main period of urbanization came under the Soviet occupation (in 1939 70% of Lithuanian people lived in villages; in 1989 70% of Lithuanian people lived in cities). 7.Visit a small Adam Mickiewicz museum near Vilnius University where he studied and created secret societies at. They left to rule far-away lands of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, left for international noble marriages, missionary duties, or escaped political enemies - yet they were so few in numbers they quickly assimilated in the regions they went to (or assimilated into the local Polish or German communities). However, these migrations are more correctly seen as low-points of emigration from Lithuania between the "waves" (high-points). Between 3000-2000 BC, the cord-ware culture people spread over a vast region of eastern Europe, between the Baltic Sea and the Vistula River in the West and the Moscow-Kursk line in the East. Many ethnicities passed by Lithuania over the centuries and manyof them have left heritage here. Together with the other ethnicities of former Soviet Union these two are sometimes labeled Russophones and are also concentrated primarily in the cities. Lithuania's membership of the European Union has made Lithuanian citizenship all the more appealing. [2] Many Lithuanians, living further east, were unable to receive the Lithuanian printed books smuggled into Lithuania by knygneiai during the time of the ban on printing books in the Latin alphabet, and they switched to Polish. 5. For an objective and extensive articles on all the Lithuania's ethnic and religious groups, please see the sections on Ethnicities of Lithuania and Religions of Lithuania. According to the census conducted in 2021, 84.6% of the population of Lithuania identified themselves as Lithuanians, 6.5% as Poles, 5.0% as Russians, 1.0% as Belarusians, and 1.1% as members of other ethnic groups. Furthermore, during this period many of the pre-1915 Russian Imperial settlers emigrated to their own countries. On the other hand, private hotels and restaurants have Russian menus and employ Russian-speakers to cater for numerous Russian tourists. *Jewish Lithuania. Unlike in many European nations, the Lithuanias largest ethnic minorities enjoy public schools where the language of instruction is their native one rather than the official Lithuanian language. After the Old Believers refused to adhere to Orthodoxy reforms in Russia and became persecuted there (18th century) Lithuania granted them refuge and even though many have migrated to cities most still visit their village churches and cemeteries. According to the census conducted in 2021, 84.6% of the population identified themselves as Lithuanians, 6.5% as Poles, 5.0% as Russians, 1.0% as Belarusians, and 2.3% as members of other ethnic groups. . In most smaller towns, almost every building that had been constructed before the 20th century is built of wood. The gallery is now the Lithuania's prime repository of international art. Avoiding discrimination and seeking economic opportunities Lithuanians (mostly peasants) thus emigrated in larger numbers than ever before with some 700 000 leaving, most of them to the USA where they would work in the industry and mines. Their ancestors were brought in from southernmost reaches of Grand Duchy of Lithuania by grand duke Vytautas. Median age total: 44.5 years male: 40.2 years 46% of grand duchy's people were ethnic lithuanians and 40% belarusians but the nobility grew increasingly polonized, adopting the polish language which they regarded to be noble (whereas lithuanian and eastern slavic languages were thought to be [3] Population by religious confession [ edit] According to the 2021 census: [1] Catholic - 74.19% (2,085,340) Orthodox - 3.75% (105,326) Vilnius Old Town. However, other points of language policy raised discussions recently, such as the legality of Polish street names in the Polish-dominated municipalities. However, non-Polish people from areas with strong Polish presence may have some knowledge of Polish acquired in day-to-day life, making 14% of Lithuania's citizens fluent in Polish. The population of Vilnius, sometimes nicknamed Northern Jerusalem, was about 30% Jewish. Furthermore, read about the massive Lithuanian diaspora that keeps the Lithuanian culture alive well beyond Lithuania. Population by religious community indicated, municipalities", "Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005", Population by educational attainment and command of languages, Population by educational attainment, age group and municipality, statistics about education in Lithuania (PDF), Baltic states under Soviet rule (19441991), 2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Lithuania&oldid=1124111475, Articles with Lithuanian-language sources (lt), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010, Pages using bar box without float left or float right, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 November 2022, at 11:19. Lithuania was the final independent nation of Europe to abandon paganism. Their architecture follows the popular styles of the period, with the manors of poorer families built of wood. *Turkic Lithuania. Conversations about one's ethnicity are generally welcome. Download scientific diagram | The percentage of people declaring Lithuanian ethnicity (A) and the use of the Lithuanian language (B) in the Polish-Lithuanian borderland (by gmina), based on the . The Republic of Lithuania lies on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. What the German knights, merchants and townsfolk have left. It is spoken by 30% of total population and 80% of the youth. The holidays. 8. Predominantly Catholic for centuries Lithuania was always tolerant to other faiths, which provided many alternative traditions and old houses of worship to Lithuanian towns. Date set by the Roman Catholic tradition - Velykos (Easter Monday) Lithuanian Sign Language and Russian Sign Language are used by the deaf community. G. W. Bush plaque (Vilnius Old Town) with his quote permanently sealed on Vilnius City Hall is one of the most important locations a memorial for US president has been created outside the USA. The college enrollment rate in 2020 was higher for 18- to 24-year-olds who were Asian (64 percent) than for those who were White (41 percent), Hispanic (36 percent), Black (36 percent), of Two or more races (34 percent), Pacific Islander (34 percent), and American Indian/Alaska Native (22 percent). January 1st - New Year (also the National flag day) Some of the most famous architectural gems date to theGothic period (such as the Saint Annes Church in Vilnius) and subsequent Renaissance. 10.See the real Issa valley from Czesaw Miosz (Lithuanian: eslovas Miloas, 1911-2004) books north of Kdainiai (near real-life Nevis river). Lithuanians are a Baltic ethnic group (i.e. As of 2011, 78.2% of the population of Lithuania aged 20 or older had attained the secondary level of education, including secondary education provided by vocational schools.[33]. First Sunday of June - Father's day The current population of Lithuania is 2,735,784 based on projections of the latest United Nations data. While Vilnius is a historical capital of Lithuania, a 17th-18th-century linguistic shift caused many Vilnius area families to abandon Lithuanian language for a "more prestigious" Polish. Fourth largest ethnicity in Lithuania are the Belarusians (1,2%), the fifth are the Ukrainians (0,55%). The architecture. There have been attempts to reinstate some pagan or paganism-inspired events that have already died out. A centuries-old alliance and then federation between Poland and Lithuania caused many Lithuanians (~10%) to adopt Polish language and culture over generations. Mostly Second wave (~1940s). [16] The Soviet era had imposed the official use of Russian, so most adult Lithuanians are able to speak Russian as a second language, while the Polish population generally speaks Polish. Lithuanian citizens are allowed to travel and work throughout the European Union without a visa or other restrictions. The Lithuanian language is the country's sole official language countrywide. Interwar Lithuania emigration (1915-1939), Emigration from Soviet Lithuania (1945-1990), Modern emigration or the Third wave (1990-), Top 10 Muslim (Tatar) Sights in Lithuania, The Rule of Russian Empire in Lithuania (1795-1918), Rennaisance Revival Architecture in Lithuania. The combined population of Poland and GDL in 1493 is estimated as 7.5 million, of whom 3.25 million were Poles, 3.75 million Ruthenians and 0.5 million Lithuanians. Quality works of American modern artists at Europos parkas (Vilnius suburbs) open-air museum date to 1990s when successful non-violent Lithuanian freedom struggle inspired the artists worldwide to give Lithuania something its Soviet-ravaged economy could have never afforded on market terms. In the first half of the 20th century, the Lutheran Protestant church had around 200,000 members, 9% of the total population, mostly Protestant Lithuanians from the former Memel Territory and Germans, but it has declined since 1945. Fifth and sixth foreign languages by the number of speakers in Lithuania are French and Spanish, but they are spoken only by some 2% and 1% of the population respectively. Most of them are engineers who moved with their families from the Russian SFSR to work at the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant. Latvia is rather neatly divided into two large groups: the indigenous Latvians, who make 62,1% percent of population, and the Russian native speakers, who make up 37,2%. laws or street names) are Lithuanian-only. Mostly Exiles (1940-1953) and Soviet-era migrants (1945-1990). The post office and massive barracks (now Klaipda University) are the most impressive. Being Europe's area where paganism remained strong for the longest time, some of the traditional Lithuanian holidays, while primarily Christian, have surviving pagan influences. Sometimes they left traces in stones - but little traces in local culture. Prehistory. Some priests actively led the resistance against the Communist regime (symbolised by the Hill of Crosses). The Lithuanian National Revival had begun to intensify by the end of the 19th century, and the number of Lithuanian speakers and people identifying themselves as ethnic Lithuanians started to increase; but at the same time many Polish speaking Lithuanians, especially former szlachta, cut themselves adrift from the Lithuanian nation. German (spoken by 8% of thepopulation) held popularity as a 2nd foreign language (after Russian, instead of English) under the Soviet occupation as the Soviet Union had close ties to East Germany (but no close ties to any English-speaking country). Other minority ethnic groups comprise the rest of the population of Lithuania. *Russian Lithuania. The former underground barracks are used as a small bowdlerized museum about lives of the German soldiers in WW2 Eastern front. Kazimieras oromskis museum (Vilnius New Town) has the works of yet another famous Lithuanian-American painter who returned in the 1980s. Inter-ethnic relations are generally good in Lithuania. As such, two Lithuanian municipalities (out of 60) currently have Polish majorities (the Poles are concentrated around Vilnius). In terms of cultural impact, German is far behind English, Russian and Polish, however: there is no local German media, few cultural events, few books for sale and so on. It was built in 1879 by the duke Oginskiai family in historicist style. The words "Whoever will choose Lithuania as its enemy has also made an enemy of the United States of America" just created that much euphoria in Lithuania as many believed that another Russian occupation would now become impossible. May 1st - Labour day Mostly Third wave (post 1990-). 1. The minorities are equally protective of their languages however. Augustinas emaitis. After World War II, the ethnic Lithuanian population remained stable: 79.3% in 1959 to 83.5% in 2002. At this level, students have the opportunity to adapt their study plans (subjects and study level) to their individual preferences. Few estimations vary as wildly as those of Lithuanian diaspora numbers. Ministry of Education and Science, Education. Relatively plain interiors like this are common ir newly restored churches once damaged by the Soviets and wars. The minorities are largely concentrated in the east. Arguably the most controversial community of Lithuania, the Soviet settlers are largely Russophone people sent to live in Lithuania by the Soviet Union (and their descendants). Second largest faith is the Russian Orthodoxy, followed by 4,6%, mostly ethnic Russians. Poles come second (6,65%), mostly concentrated in Southeast Lithuania, including Vilnius. Karaims make up 0,01% of Lithuania's population, numbering just around 250. 6.3%. February 16th - Day of State Restoration Pre-registration essential. August 15th - olin / Virgin Mary Assumption day After World War II. One building in the area served as German (Prussian) royal residence during the Napoleonic wars (1807-1808), making Memel briefly a capital of Prussia. According to the census conducted in 2021, 84.6% of the population identified themselves as Lithuanians, 6.5% as Poles, 5.0% as Russians, 1.0% as Belarusians, and 2.3% as members of other ethnic groups. Augustinas emaitis. *Polish Lithuania. Augustinas emaitis. Lutherans make up 0,7% of Lithuania's population. Ethnic Poles, as we define them now, made up 40-50% of total population of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, depending on the extend of borders (if borders extend wider, percentage of Poles were smaller). As the "top language" of the "prestigious West", it also became fashionable for some key local trademarks and popular songs. Both ethnic and religious. 3. *Pre-modern emigration (before 1865). Furthermore, many of the Soviet settlers departed for their historic homelands. Likewise, Russian public inscriptions have been gradually removed or replaced by English ones (although theRussian language may still be seen on an occasional old plaque or in unrenovated museums). Another area is reserved for Polish soldiers (Polish-Lithuanian War and World War 2). Explore the mighty Kaunas Fortress (1882-1915), one of the largest Russian Imperial fortresses ever built and certainly the best-preserved one. The remains of a crashed "Lituanica" plane in Kaunas War Museum (Kaunas New Town) remind of the symbolic and tragic journey by the two Lithuanian-American pilots from New York to Vilnius, pioneering the Transatlantic air mail and attempting to set a distance flight record (they crashed just several hundred kilometers before destination, becoming instant martyrs in Lithuania, having many streets renamed after them). [6] The Lithuanian language was used orally in Vilnius, Trakai and Samogitian voivodeships, and by small numbers of people elsewhere. The following liberal geographic estimates include people who are either ethnic Lithuanians, descendants of ethnic Lithuanians with exposure to Lithuanian culture, or Lithuanian citizens, irrespective of their language knowledge, place of birth or diaspora participation. Lithuanian 84.6% . The younger generation usually speaks English as their second language, while a substantial portion of the total population (37%) speak at least two foreign languages. *Sunni Islam, adhered by Tatars whose ancestors were brought as soldiers to these areas by Vytautas the Great. Mostly Second wave (~1940s). Under the occupation, German minority of Lithuania declined from 4,1% (41,9% in Klaipda region where ilut is) to merely 0,1% of the population. Lithuania is a unique crossroad of the East and the West in that here you can see the centuries-old heritage of many different faiths. They have separate political parties, cultural activities, schools, opinions about history, and much else. First published online on February 21, 2008. Map of Lithuanian religious communities. In the mid 19th century, it was displaced by historicism that copied various earlier styles and sometimes a combination of thereof. While Karaim faith seems exotic, Karaim cuisine (kibin pasties) is popular among people of Lithuania of all ethnicities. Museum of Lithuania Minor is thus the best location to find remnants of pre-WW2 Klaipda Lithuanian, German and fusion cultures. They later established cohesive communities, such as the one centered around this new (1950s) Nativity BVM church in Marquette Park, Chicago (right image). Saint Casimir Baroque church in Vilnius. June 24th - Jonins / Rasos (St. John's day) Soviet era migrants (1945-1990) and Third wave. After several years spent in refugee camps, they would spread across key Western nations (mainly the USA, Canada, and Australia). [24][25] By 2011, around 3000 people in Lithuania identified themselves as Jews, while around 1200 identified with Judaic religious community. Mostly created during periods that already seem exotic in a rapidly-changing Lithuania the art, crafts, and literature are still respected as something that best conveys the development of Lithuanian culture to the present-day people. In the late 18th century, the Neo-Classical architecture came to Lithuania, emulating the Roman Empire style. Poles make up 6,65% of Lithuania's population. This minor wave of emigration was cut short by the 1929 Great Depression that ravaged the western economy more than that of Lithuania. The Jewish ethnic group in Belarus is the third largest minority in the country, particularly in the first half of the 20th century. Lithuania and Poland regularly shared a king since 1385 and formed a united Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1538 and 1795. Some "Russophones" speak another language natively but still speak better Russian than Lithuanian or don't speak Lithuanian at all. Government of the Republic of Lithuania, The Official Gateway of Lithuania. 8.Cross the lagoon to Lithuanian Sea Museum in Seaside Klaipda. After the World War 1, Kaunas became the temporary capital of Lithuania, therefore, it expanded rapidly and received many fine art deco buildings. Lithuania also has an array of holidays celebrated by specific groups: students and teachers, lovers, women, workers, Russians. He called his style to be "optical impressionism". Lithuanian cities established their own annual events - generally, the larger is the city, the more there are local events. Augustinas emaitis. Neo-Romanesque, Neo-Renaissance,and eclectic historicism styles were less common for these churches. They include not only ethnic Russiansbut also many Belarusians, Ukrainians, Jews and other ethnicities common in the former Soviet Union, collectively referred to as Russophones. During 19th-20th centuries many "Polish-Lithuanians" switched back to Lithuanian language and customs, but perhaps just as many opted for a singular Polish identity. German artists loved Nida as well and held regular meetings there (remembered by a small H. Blode museum not far away from Mann house). Augustinas emaitis. The name of Lithuania - Lithuanians - was first mentioned in 1009. Vilnius University, founded in 1579, is the oldest and largest university in Lithuania. 2011 census results on thecorrelation between age and what foreign languages a person can speak. Map of the top 10 Polish locations in Lithuania. However, following independence, integration has yet to be fully realized (Muiznieks, Rozenvalds, and Birka, 2013). *Emigration from Soviet Lithuania (1945-1990). The two communities are greatly divided. This article is about the demographic features of the population of Lithuania, including population density, ethnicity, level of education, health, economic status, and religious affiliations. Among its etymologies there are a derivation from the word Lietava, for a small river, a possible derivation from a word leiiai, but most probable is the name for union of Lithuanian ethnic tribes ('susilieti, lietis' means to unite and the word 'lietuva' means something which has been united). Today most (some 85,9%) Lithuanians are Roman Catholic and the interwar Lithuania was a very religious society. The members of the same Migration Wave and their descendants have more in common with each other (even if living oceans apart) than they do have in common with the Lithuanians from other waves (even if they migrated to the same city). His story is similar to that of many Lithuanian intellectuals forced to flee from a likely murder by Soviets in the 1940s. The bodies of Sigismund Augustus, Barbara Radziwi and the heart of King/Grand, Duke Wladislaw Vasa are nearby. 2. The medieval halls of Kazys Varnelis museum (Vilnius Old Town) are not only the final place of rest for the optical art and collections of this Lithuanian-American painter-collector but also served as his final living space after he returned to Lithuania in 1998 when Lithuania was still poor but independent.
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