His policies included cuts in the growth of government spending, reduction in taxes for the higher echelon of society, legalization of stock buybacks, and deregulation of key industries. As the 1990s progressed, Gen X college enrollments continued to climb, with increased loan borrowing as the cost of an education became substantially more expensive compared to their peers in the mid-1980s. The number of babies being born to unmarried parents in England and Wales rose from 11% in 1979, a quarter in 1998, 40% by 2002 and almost half in 2012. ", "The Making of 'To Save Our Schools, To Save Our Children': A Conversation With Marshall Frady", "Yuppies, Beware: Here Comes Generation X", "America's Generations With Chuck Underwood - Generation X", "Total fall enrollment in degree-granting institutions, by control and type of institution: 1965 to 1998", "Millennial life: How young adulthood today compares with prior generation", "Skateboarding Past a Midlife Crisis (Published 2012)", "The MetLife Study of Gen X: The MTV Generation Moves into Mid-Life", "Generation X gets really old: How do slackers have a midlife crisis? Instead, reference is made to "Generation Golf" in the previous West German republic, based on a novel by Florian Illies. [167], In 1990, 25% of young people in England stayed in some kind of full-time education after the age of 18, this was an increase from 15% a decade earlier. Generation Z represents the leading edge of the country's changing racial and ethnic makeup. Howe argues that Gen Xers are not helicopter parents, which Howe describes as a parenting style of boomer parents of millennials. Five years later, these numbers were fairly similar at 38% Labour, 35% Conservative and 19% Liberal Democrats, a party by then formed from the previously mentioned alliance. Although not Gen Xers themselves, Subway (1985), 372 le matin (English: Betty Blue; 1986), and Mauvais Sang (1986) sought to capture on screen the generation's malaise, sense of entrapment, and desire to escape.[232]. Film, both the birth of franchise mega-sequels and a proliferation of independent film (enabled in part by video) was also a notable cultural influence. Here are three things to keep in mind when marketing to Gen X. [48] Individuals born in the Generation X and millennial cusp years of the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s have been identified by the media as a "microgeneration" with characteristics of both generations. [170] However, this figure did decrease as the economic situation improved reaching 17% by 1993. These programs for the elderly were not tied to economic need. They were among the first children to be bused to attain integration in the public school system. [88], In the U.S., Generation X was the first cohort to grow up post-integration after the racist Jim Crow laws. Generation X characteristics can be viewed in a few different lights. As children in the 1970s and 1980s, a time of shifting societal values, Gen Xers were sometimes called the "latchkey generation," which stems from their returning as children to an empty home and needing to use the door key, due to reduced adult supervision compared to previous generations. [41] PricewaterhouseCoopers, a multinational professional services network headquartered in London, describes Generation X employees as those born from 1965 to 1980. The study asked questions such as "Thinking about all aspects of your life, how happy are you? You could say that in many ways, these are Irelands real boomers. [195] By the 1980s, faster and more aggressive subgenres such as hardcore punk (e.g., Minor Threat), street punk (e.g., the Exploited, NOFX) and anarcho-punk (e.g., Subhumans) became the predominant modes of punk rock. From 1973 to 1980, the abortion rate per 1,000 US women aged 1544 increased from 16% to 29% with more than 9.6million terminations of pregnancy practiced. Smith is most known for his View Askewniverse films, the flagship film being Clerks, which is set in New Jersey circa 1994, and focuses on two convenience-store clerks in their twenties. [166] There was, however, broadly a rise in education levels among this age range as Generation X passed through it. Knowing the strengths of this tech-savvy and ambitious generation can help you form successful office collaborations. [210][211][212] There were various types of subject matter, while the music was experimental and the sampling eclectic. [158][159] The Divine Comedy song "Generation Sex" (1998) painted a picture of hedonism in the late 20th century, as well as its effect on the media. In midlife during the early 21st century, research describes them as active, happy, and achieving a worklife balance. Economically, Xers started when the new labour market was emerging and were the first to fully experience the advent of the post-industrial society. By the early 1980s, some 80% to 90% of school leavers in France and West Germany received vocational training, compared with 40% in the United Kingdom. [108][117][118] Author Neil Howe reported survey data which showed that Gen Xers were cohabiting and getting married in increasing numbers following the terrorist attacks. [110], Consumer access to the Internet and its commercial development throughout the 1990s witnessed a frenzy of IT initiatives. Video games both in amusement parlours and in devices in western homes were also a major part of juvenile entertainment for the first time. [154], The term "Generation X" is used to describe Irish people born between 1965 and 1985; they grew up during The Troubles and the 1980s economic recession, coming of age during the Celtic Tiger period of prosperity in the 1990s onward. The firefighters and police responding to the attacks were predominantly from Generation X. Additionally, the leaders of the passenger revolt on United Airlines Flight 93 were also, by majority, Gen Xers. They're Expert Diy-ers Generation X is also called the "Latchkey Generation," a moniker that gives a nod to their decidedly hands-off upbringing. These changes have been faster for women than for men. [155][156] The appropriateness of the term to Ireland has been questioned, with Darach Saghdha noting that "Generation X is usually contrasted with the one before by growing up in smaller and different family units on account of their parents having greater access to contraception and divorce again, things that were not widely available in Ireland. Initially, the pill spread rapidly amongst married women as an approved treatment for menstrual disturbance. [137] In 2012, the Corporation for National and Community Service ranked Gen X volunteer rates in the U.S. at "29.4% per year", the highest compared with other generations. Punk rock and pop punk bands with Gen X members such as Green Day, Rancid, The Offspring, and Blink-182 brought widespread popularity to the genre .[196]. In the U.S., the Pew Research Center, a non-partisan think-tank, delineates a Generation X period of 19651980 which has, albeit gradually, come to gain acceptance in academic circles. The average age of a mother giving birth rose from 27 in 1982 to 30 in 2012. Generation X is a relatively smaller generation than those that surround it. The Resolution Foundation thinktank defines Gen X as those born between 1966 and 1980. . The early 1980s recession saw unemployment rise to 10.8% in 1982; requiring, more often than not, dual parental incomes. [109][188] Hip hop has also been described as defining music of the generation, particularly artists such as Tupac Shakur, N.W.A., and The Notorious B.I.G.[189]. Table 1 shows selected demographic and other characteristics of millennials in 2019 and Generation Xers in 2003, when people in each of these generations were ages 23 to 38. . Conditions such as coronary artery disease are traditionally viewed as a man's problem, and as such female patients are not considered high-risk. This development gave rise to genres such as post-punk, new wave and later indie pop, alternative rock, and noise rock. [67][68][69] These children lacked adult supervision in the hours between the end of the school day and when a parent returned home from work in the evening, and for longer periods of time during the summer. The Longitudinal Study of Youth is an NIH-NIA funded study by the University of Michigan which has been studying Generation X since 1987. "[120] The Greensboro News & Record reported members of the cohort "felt a surge of patriotism since terrorists struck" by giving blood, working for charities, donating to charities, and by joining the military to fight the War on Terror. [202][205], The golden age of hip hop refers to hip hop music made from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s,[206] typically by artists originating from the New York metropolitan area. They value visibility into their work. In the early 1950s, Hungarian photographer Robert Capa first used Generation X as the title for a photo-essay about young men and women growing up immediately following World War II. Media pundits and advertisers further struggled to define the cohort, typically portraying them as "unfocused twentysomethings". [114][115] In 2002, Time magazine published an article titled Gen Xers Aren't Slackers After All, reporting that four out of five new businesses were the work of Gen Xers. Writing for Pew's Trend magazine in 2018, psychologist Jean Twenge observed that the "birth year boundaries of Gen X are debated but settle somewhere around 19651980". No, it's Generation Zzzzzz", "Gen X-spotting: they ascended the ladder just as the Celtic Tiger was being birthed", "The Divine Comedy: 'Generation Sex' Review", "If you were named John Paul after the Pope's 1979 visit, RT is looking for you", "Born in 1981, am I part of Generation X or Generation Y? [98], In 1990, Time magazine published an article titled "Living: Proceeding with Caution", which described those then in their 20s as aimless and unfocused. That year saw 29,994 children born to mothers over the age 40, an increase of 360% from 2002. Or whether others think of them at all. "[141][142][143], Although, globally, children and adolescents of Generation X will have been heavily influenced by U.S. cultural industries with shared global currents (e.g., rising divorce rates, the AIDS epidemic, advancements in ICT), there is not one U.S.-born raised concept but multiple perspectives and geographical outgrowths. In the east, children of the "Mauerfall" or coming down of the wall. While Millennials are plagued by student loan debt causing them to miss out on lifes excitements like travel and marriage, Generation X are the ones hurting financially the most. [7] From 1976 to 1981, English musician Billy Idol used the moniker as the name for his punk rock band. [77] One-in-five American children grew up in poverty during this time. [62] According to Christine Henseler in the 2012 book Generation X Goes Global: Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion, "We watched the decay and demise (of the family), and grew callous to the loss. The "X" refers to an unknown variable or to a desire not to be defined. The cohort is likely to overtake boomers in 2028. [180][181] At the 2016 EU membership referendum and 2017 general election, Generation X was split with younger members appearing to back remain and Labour and older members tending towards Leave and Conservative in a British electorate more polarised by age than ever before. As Millennials and Gen Zers cry for more amenities in the workplace, Gen Xers were the architects for many things that are common in offices around the US. The proportion of heart-attack patients in this age group at the end of the study was 32%, up from 27% at the start of the study. Hence, the preoccupation on "authenticity" and not "selling-out". They came to maturity under the Reagan and George H. W. Bush presidencies, with first-hand experience of the impact of neoliberal policies. ", "History of the Dot-Com Bubble Burst and How to Avoid Another", "Generation X Reconsidered; 'Slackers' No More. [14][15] Coupland referenced Billy Idol's band Generation X in the 1987 article and again in 1989 in Vista magazine. The New Calculus of Falling Returns", "Meet Mr. and Mrs. Gen X: A New Parent Generation", "Volunteering and Civic Life in America: Generation X Volunteer Rates", "Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate: Women", "Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate: Men", "Economic Mobility: Is the American Dream Alive and Well? However, they also found that cynicism and disaffection had increased among all age groups surveyed over time, not just young adults, making this a period effect, not a cohort effect. Side note: Gen Xers were healthier at the same age than Millennials, according to a separate survey. Generation X is the demographic cohort following the postWorld War II baby-boom, representing a generational change from the baby boomers. [100][101] Gen Xers were often portrayed as apathetic or as "slackers", lacking bearings, a stereotype which was initially tied to Richard Linklater's comedic and essentially plotless 1991 film Slacker. The pill, as it became commonly known, reached younger, unmarried college women in the late 1960s when state laws were amended and reduced the age of majority from 21 to ages 1820. Another note from that study Gen Xers have the most credit card debt of any generation while spending the most on non-essentials like dining out and lottery tickets. [182][183] At the 2019 general election, voting trends continued to be heavily divided by age but a plurality of younger as well as older generation X members (then 39 to 55 year olds) voted Conservative. [80][81], Fear of the impending AIDS epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s loomed over the formative years of Generation X. As adolescents and young adults in the 1980s and 1990s, Xers were dubbed the "MTV Generation" (a reference to the music video channel), sometimes being characterized as slackers, cynical, and disaffected. [184], In Germany, "Generation X" is not widely used or applied. Manufacturers such as Commodore, Atari, and Apple responded to the demand via 8-bit and 16-bit machines. The Pope's Children were in position to benefit from the Celtic Tiger and the newly liberal culture, where the Catholic Church had significantly less social power. LSA reported that "mean level of happiness was 7.5 and the median (middle score) was 8. A notable example of alternative rock is grunge music and the associated subculture that developed in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. Grunge song lyrics have been called the "product of Generation X malaise". [1] According to this definition, the oldest Gen Xer is 58 years old and the youngest is, or is turning, 43 years old in 2023. [3] A 2010 Census report counted approximately 84million people living in the US who are defined by birth years ranging from the early 1960s to the early 1980s. Millennials are anyone born from 1981 to 1996 . 1. [19][20][13] Strauss's coauthor Neil Howe noted the delay in naming this demographic cohort saying, "Over 30 years after their birthday, they didn't have a name. [45], In Canada, professor David Foot describes Generation X as late boomers and includes those born between 1960 and 1966, whilst the "Bust Generation", those born between 1967 and 1979, is considered altogether a separate generation, in his 1996 book Boom Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift. A MetLife report noted: "media would portray them as the Friends generation: rather self-involved and perhaps aimlessbut fun". In 2019, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis published research (using data from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances) demonstrating that after controlling for race and age, cohort families with heads of household with post-secondary education and born before 1980 have seen wealth and income premiums, while, for those after 1980, the wealth premium has weakened to a point of statistical insignificance (in part because of the rising cost of college). [97], On the political front, in the U.S. the generation became ambivalent if not outright disaffected with politics. [223], The economic accessibility of video mediums in the consumer market supported the growth and popularity of independent film. In much of the western world, a similar time period was defined by a dominance of conservatism and free market economics. ", "Reality Bites Captured Gen X With Perfect Irony", "Generation X not so special: Malaise, cynicism on the rise for all age groups", "President Bill Clinton's Economic Policies", "Generation X members are "active, balanced and happy". A bare majority (52%) are non-Hispanic white - significantly smaller than the share of Millennials who were non-Hispanic white in 2002 (61%). "[122][123][124][125], In 2014, Pew Research provided further insight, describing the cohort as "savvy, skeptical and self-reliant; they're not into preening or pampering, and they just might not give much of a hoot what others think of them. Millennials span a 16-year range, according to Pew. [62][74], Some older Gen Xers started high school in the waning years of the Carter presidency, but much of the cohort became socially and politically conscious during the Reagan Era. "[25] Pew takes into account other factors, notably the labor market as well as attitudinal and behavioral trends of a group. [119] In October 2001, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer wrote of Gen Xers: "Now they could be facing the most formative events of their lives and their generation. Gordiner cites examples of Gen Xers' contributions to society such as: Google, Wikipedia, Amazon.com, and YouTube, arguing that if boomers had created them, "we'd never hear the end of it". [172], A 2016 study of over 2,500 British office workers conducted by Workfront found that survey respondents of all ages selected those from Generation X as the hardest-working employees and members of the workforce (chosen by 60%). [216] Lyrical content from the era often drew attention to a variety of social issues, including afrocentric living, drug use, crime and violence, religion, culture, the state of the American economy, and the modern man's struggle. The first begins in 1966 and ends in 1975 and the second begins in 1976 and ends in 1985; this thinking is applied to each generation (Silent, boomers, Gen X, millennials, etc.). [94], For early Gen Xer graduates entering the job market at the end of the 1980s, economic conditions were challenging and did not show signs of major improvements until the mid-1990s. ", "Ireland's Generation X? In 1999, The New York Times dubbed them "Generation 1099", describing them as the "once pitied but now envied group of self-employed workers whose income is reported to the Internal Revenue Service not on a W-2 form, but on Form 1099". [86] This was later mirrored in the UK's 1982 Computers for Schools programme[87] and, in France, under the 1985 scheme Plan Informatique pour Tous (IPT). [178] Generation X also became more likely to vote as they entered the midlife age demographics. [28] In their 2002 book When Generations Collide, Lynne Lancaster and David Stillman use 1965 to 1980, while in 2012 authors Jain and Pant also used parameters of 1965 to 1980. [192] It generally took root in local scenes that tended to reject affiliation with the mainstream. Their life has not been easy, since, after a period of upheaval, finding a job was a great challenge. In other words, adults of all ages were more cynical and disaffected in the 1990s, not just Generation X. Demographically, this loosely denotes those born from the beginning of the 1960s to the early 1980s. They were also significantly more likely to have children later in life than their predecessors. Despite the positive news, companies should be wary as they could be looking at a retention problem with Gen Xers in the near future. Time magazine states that Generation X is "roughly defined as anyone born between 1965 and 1980". [53] In a 2012 article for the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, George Masnick wrote that the "Census counted 82.1million" Gen Xers in the U.S. Masnick concluded that immigration filled in any birth year deficits during low fertility years of the late 1960s and early 1970s. "People made records entirely to please themselves because there was nobody else to please" commented producer Jack Endino. [40], The generation is closely associated with socialist Franois Mitterrand who served as President of France during two consecutive terms between 1981 and 1995 as most transitioned into adulthood during that period. How to tell if you're the microgeneration between Gen X and Millennial", "Reasonable People Disagree about the Post-Gen X, Pre-Millennial Generation", "The Biggest (And Best) Difference Between Millennial and My Generation", "U.S. Census Age and Sex Composition: 2010", "The Generation X Report: Active, Balanced, and Happy: These Young Americans are not Bowling Alone", "The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women's Career and Marriage Decisions", "Trends in the characteristics of women obtaining abortions, 1974 to 2004", "A Generation Stuck in the Middle Turns 50", "What Future Awaits Today's Youth in the New Millennium? Here are some key characteristics related to professionals from this generation: Values: Baby Boomers often are hard-working individuals, and they may be more willing to take risks to pursue their goals. [54] In their 1991 book Generations, authors Howe and Strauss indicated that the total number of Gen X individuals in the U.S. was 88.5million.[55]. [39] Jon Miller at the Longitudinal Study of American Youth at the University of Michigan wrote that "Generation X refers to adults born between 1961 and 1981" and it "includes 84 million people". [Contraception was only available under prescription in 1978 and without prescription in 1985; divorce was illegal until 1996.] [58][61] The Generation Map, a report from Australia's McCrindle Research Center writes of Gen X children: "their Boomer parents were the most divorced generation in Australian history". [178][179], Voter turnout across the electorate began to recover from a 2001 low until the 2017 general election. As the presidential campaign warms up for 2020, young millennials (born in the 1980s and 1990s) are a major voting bloc; the baby boomers (born in the late 1940s into the early 1960s) are older and. Generation X includes those born between 1965 and 1981, during the reconstruction of Europe after the war. Gallup,[33] Bloomberg,[34] Business Insider,[35] and Forbes[36][37] use 19651980. [121] The Jury Expert, a publication of The American Society of Trial Consultants, reported: "Gen X members responded to the terrorist attacks with bursts of patriotism and national fervor that surprised even themselves. [185], In South Africa, Gen Xers spent their formative years of the 1980s during the "hyper-politicized environment of the final years of apartheid". In general, a generation. [150] This generation, caught in the transition between MarxismLeninism and an unknown future, and wooed by the new domestic political classes, remained largely apathetic. Newly created companies, launched on stock exchanges globally, were formed with dubitable revenue generation or cash flow. poke Baby Boomers with the subtle OK boomer jab. [24] Moreover, although fertility rates are preponderant in the definition of start and end dates, the center remarks: "Generations are analytical constructs, it takes time for popular and expert consensus to develop as to the precise boundaries that demarcate one generation from another. [61][79], Gen Xers came of age or were children during the 1980s crack epidemic, which disproportionately impacted urban areas as well as the African-American community. [107] Younger members of Gen X, straddling across administrations, politically experienced a "liberal renewal". People typically perceive Gen Xers as directionless, cynical, or disaffected. For those on the left of the political spectrum, the disappointments with the previous boomer student mobilizations of the 1960s and the collapse of those movements towards a consumerist "greed is good" and "yuppie" culture during the 1980s felt, to a greater extent, hypocrisy if not outright betrayal. Customers, and their needs and wants (including Millennials) will become the North Star for an entire new generation of entrepreneurs. Generation X (often shortened to Gen X) is the Western demographic cohort following the baby boomers and preceding the millennials. [17] However, in 1995 Coupland denied the term's connection to the band, stating that: The book's title came not from Billy Idol's band, as many supposed, but from the final chapter of a funny sociological book on American class structure titled Class, by Paul Fussell. [27] The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) defines the years for Gen X as between 1964 and 1979. [8][59][60] Strauss and Howe described a cultural shift where the long-held societal value of staying together for the sake of the children was replaced with a societal value of parental and individual self-actualization. [44], Based on external events of historical importance, Schewe and Noble in 2002 argue that a cohort is formed against significant milestones and can be any length of time. Generation X characteristics can be viewed in a few different lights. To work and produce was their philosophy of life, leaving no room for idealism. [201] The Guardian wrote that grunge "didn't recycle banal cliches but tackled weighty subjects". [190] It spawned a punk subculture which expressed a youthful rebellion, characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment (ranging from deliberately offensive T-shirts, leather jackets, studded or spiked bands and jewelry, as well as bondage and S&M clothes) and a variety of anti-authoritarian ideologies that have since been associated with the form. Some of the many cultural influences on Gen X youth included a proliferation of musical genres with strong social-tribal identity such as punk, post-punk, and heavy metal, in addition to later forms developed by Gen Xers themselves (e.g., grunge, grindcore and related genres). [220], In addition to lyrical self-glorification, hip hop was also used as a form of social protest. They had been reared in the shadow of the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal. Generation X, also called Gen X, baby bust generation, or MTV Generation, a term typically used to describe the generation of Americans born between 1965 and 1980, although some sources use slightly different ranges. How about free meals and the abandonment of cubicle farms? [231], In France, a new movement emerged, the Cinma du look, spearheaded by filmmakers Luc Besson, Jean-Jacques Beineix and Leos Carax. Anyone born between the years 1965 and 1980 is considered a member of Generation X. One size doesn't fit all when it comes to today's workforcefive generations of workers means five approaches to work. Generation Xso named because of the generation's refusal to be definedwitnessed some of the world's greatest advancements, including space exploration and the development of the computer. Using the national General Social Survey, the researchers compared answers to identical survey questions asked of 1829-year-olds in three different time periods. By the mid-1980s, over 80% of pupils in the United States and West Germany and over 90% in Japan stayed in education until the age of eighteen, compared with 33% of British pupils. [174][175], Ipsos MORI reports that at the 1987 and 1992 general elections, the first United Kingdom general elections where significant numbers of Generation X members could vote, a plurality of 18 to 24 year olds opted for the Labour Party by a small margin. The generation that defined current Americana culture in ways of music and art has been dubbed by some, like Vanity Fair, as the generation best suited to preserve American tradition in these dark new days. Gen X gave America portable music via the Walkmen, experienced Parental Advisory stickers first on music, forward fashion, and a whole lot more that jumpstarted and defined what America is today. [202] Topics of grunge lyrics included homelessness, suicide, rape,[203] broken homes, drug addiction, self-loathing,[204] misogyny, domestic abuse and finding "meaning in an indifferent universe". The term acquired its contemporary application after the release of Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture, a 1991 novel written by Canadian author Douglas Coupland. [160][161] David McWilliams' 2005 book The Pope's Children: Ireland's New Elite profiled Irish people born in the 1970s (just prior to the papal visit to Ireland), which was a baby boom that saw Ireland's population increase for the first time since the 1840s Great Famine. However, this generation was in prime position to benefit from the Celtic Tiger, the Peace Process and liberalisations introduced on foot of EU membership and was less likely to emigrate than those that came before and after. 1. There's been a recent shift in consumer behavior and Gen Xers will join the "idealist generation" in encouraging the celebration of individual effort and business risk-taking. I think that's germane." If zero means that you are very unhappy and 10 means that you are very happy, please rate your happiness." Baby Boomers: Baby boomers were born between 1946 and 1964. [12][9][13] In 1987, Coupland had written a piece in Vancouver Magazine titled "Generation X" which was "the seed of what went on to become the book". [39], In Australia, the McCrindle Research Center uses 19651979. They value freedom and responsibility and try to overcome challenges on their own. [103], Negative stereotypes of Gen X young adults continued, including that they were "bleak, cynical, and disaffected". 1. [213][214] Artists associated with the era include LL Cool J, RunD.M.C., Public Enemy, the Beastie Boys, KRS-One,[215] Eric B. Additionally, they compared how older adults answered the same survey questions over time. Generation X is anyone born from 1965 to 1980. [64] Thomas also discussed how divorce was different during the Gen X childhood, with the child having a limited or severed relationship with one parent following divorce, often the father, due to differing societal and legal expectations. They're often dedicated to their jobs and loyal to their companies. Few had experienced a Democratic administration and even then, only, at an atmospheric level. / Jason Merritt/GettyImages After Baby Boomers. [228], While not a member of Gen X himself, director John Hughes has been recognized as having created classic 1980s teen films with early Gen X characters which "an entire generation took ownership of", including The Breakfast Club,[229][230] Sixteen Candles, Weird Science, and Ferris Bueller's Day Off. For other uses, see, Rising divorce rates and women workforce participation, Rise of the Internet and the dot-com bubble, Income differential with previous generations, As children, adolescents and young adults, The economic accessibility of video mediums in the consumer market supported the growth and popularity of, Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture, U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), higher education was broadly financially remunerative, Corporation for National and Community Service, French strikes and violent riots of May 1968, "Millennials overtake Baby Boomers as America's largest generation", "Move Over, Millennials, Here Comes Generation Z", "5 Reasons Marketers Have Largely Overlooked Generation X", "Generation X - A Punk Rock History with Pictures", "From GIs To Gen Z (Or Is It iGen? In 1965, as early boomers entered college, total enrollment of new undergraduates was just over 5.7million individuals across the public and private sectors. The share of young adults enrolling in college steadily increased from 1983, before peaking in 1998. [65] Kramer vs. Kramer, a 1979 American legal drama based on Avery Corman's best-selling novel, came to epitomize the struggle for child custody and the demise of the traditional nuclear family. Generation Y, also known as millennials or the Millennial Generation, often have certain skills and behaviors that make them unique and valuable employees. "[132] According to authors Michael Hais and Morley Winograd: Small businesses and the entrepreneurial spirit that Gen Xers embody have become one of the most popular institutions in America. [89][116], In the U.S., Gen Xers were described as the major heroes of the September 11 terrorist attacks by author William Strauss. The turn to neoliberal policies introduced and maintained by consecutive conservative governments from 1979 to 1997 marked the end of the post-war consensus. Think of the nap pods or open floor designs. [207] The music style was characterized by its diversity, quality,[208] innovation[209] and influence after the genre's emergence and establishment in the previous decade. What are the characteristics of Generation X, and who are they? Those at the start of the cohort are sometimes referred to as 'Gnration Bof' because of their tendency to use the word 'bof', which, translated into English, means "whatever". [83][84], Gen Xers were the first children to have access to personal computers in their homes and at schools. & Rakim, De La Soul, Big Daddy Kane, EPMD, A Tribe Called Quest, Wu-Tang Clan, Slick Rick, Ultramagnetic MC's, and the Jungle Brothers. [221] There was also often an emphasis on black nationalism. [216][217][218][219][212] Releases by these acts co-existed in this period with, and were as commercially viable as, those of early gangsta rap artists such as Ice-T, Geto Boys and N.W.A, the sex raps of 2 Live Crew and Too Short, and party-oriented music by acts such as Kid 'n Play, The Fat Boys, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince and MC Hammer. For Generation X, in the U.S. (and broadly, in the Western world), the period begins at a time when fertility rates started to significantly decrease, following the baby boom peak of the late 1950s, until an upswing in the late 1970s and eventual recovery at the start of the 1980s. [168] Later, the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 and the liberalisation of higher education in the UK saw greater numbers of those born towards the tail-end of the generation gaining university places. The Brookings Institution, another U.S. think-tank, sets the Gen X period as between 1965 and 1981. By 1983, the first year of Gen X college enrollments (as per Pew Research's definition), this figure had reached 12.2million. Consequently, related source rocks have significant hydrocarbon generation potential. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk often later pursued other musical directions, resulting in a broad range of spinoffs. This increase is most pronounced among women, for whom the number jumped from 21% to 31%. The crack epidemic had a destabilizing impact on families, with an increase in the number of children in foster care. Generation X Gen Xers tend to be champions of independence and self-reliance. This means that as of 2021, most of Generation X are in their 40s and 50s and make up a significant proportion of the current workforce. These effects turned into romantic narratives of their childhood. This resulted in an increase in latchkey children, leading to the terminology of the "latchkey generation" for Generation X. In his final chapter, Fussell named an 'X' category of people who wanted to hop off the merry-go-round of status, money, and social climbing that so often frames modern existence. A recent study by LendingTree found that Gen Xers have the highest average debt burden of any generation as Gen Xers average debt burdens rose by about 10% ($11,898) between 2016 and 2019. In the 1970s, only nine U.S. states allowed for joint custody of children, which has since been adopted by all 50 states following a push for joint custody during the mid-1980s. Independent Gen Xers are self-sufficient, resourceful and individualistic since they have been accustomed to caring for themselves since before reaching adulthood. [46][47], Generation Jones is identified as the group of people born in the latter half of the Baby Boomers from the early 1960s to the early years of Generation X. [93] In addition, unlike Boomers and previous generations, women outpaced men in college completion rates. [58] Xers were children during a time of increasing divorce rates, with divorce rates doubling in the mid-1960s, before peaking in 1980. Only four percent of Generation X adults indicated a great deal of unhappiness (a score of three or lower). [1] By this definition and U.S. Census data, there are 65.2 million Gen Xers[2] in the United States as of 2019. She adds "In other words, it is in between both real, clearly bordered spaces and more fluid global currents that we can spot the spirit of Generation X. [78], Government expenditure shifted from domestic programs to defense. Data from 28,000 patients from across the United States who were hospitalized for heart attacks between 1995 and 2014 showed that a growing proportion were between the ages of 35 to 54. ", "Millennials: spirituality, sex, and the screen", "Generation X? Those born in the late 1960s and early 1970s grew up in a period of social unrest. focused on the income of males 3039 in 2004 (those born April 1964 March 1974). Generation X men spent 1.9 more hours working per day than Generation X women (5.2 hours compared with 3.3 hours). [4] Jason Dorsey, who works for the Center of Generational Kinetics, observed that like their parents from Generation X, members of Generation Z tend to be autonomous and pessimistic. As a result, Xers will spark a renaissance of entrepreneurship in economic life, even as overall confidence in economic institutions declines. [108][109] As the decade progressed, Gen X gained a reputation for entrepreneurship. [43] Jeff Gordinier, in his 2008 book X Saves the World, include those born between 1961 and 1977 but possibly as late as 1980. Analysts suggested this may have been due to fewer differences in policies between the major parties and young people having less of a sense of affiliation with particular political parties than older generations. Latchkey children became common among all socioeconomic demographics, but this was particularly so among middle- and upper-class children. Between 1984 and 1989, the homicide rate for black males aged 14 to 17 doubled in the U.S., and the homicide rate for black males aged 18 to 24 increased almost as much. A generation is defined by sociologists as being a group of people born at approximately the same time in world history, one descent from the previous generation. Baby boomers are anyone born from 1946 to 1964. [42], On the basis of the time it takes for a generation to mature, U.S. authors William Strauss and Neil Howe define Generation X as those born between 1961 and 1981 in their 1991 book titled Generations, and differentiate the cohort into an early and late wave. This generation has often been depicted in a negative light. President Ronald Reagan, voted in office principally by the boomer generation,[75] embraced laissez-faire economics with vigor. This was an increase of 53%, effectively a doubling in student intake. Find Gen X Where We Live Online Marketing to Gen X should include social media, but while most Gen Xers aren't. The energy generated by the punk movement launched a subsequent proliferation of weird and eclectic post-punk sub cultures, spanning new wave, goth, etc., and influencing the New Romantics. [95] In the U.S., restrictive monetary policy to curb rising inflation and the collapse of a large number of savings and loan associations (private banks that specialized in home mortgages) impacted the welfare of many American households. [40] In the UK, the Resolution Foundation think-tank defines Gen X as those born between 1966 and 1980. The emergence of AIDS coincided with Gen X's adolescence, with the disease first clinically observed in the U.S. in 1981. Congressman David Durenberger criticized this political situation, stating that while programs for poor children and for young families were cut, the government provided "free health care to elderly millionaires". [101] Yet, the slacker moniker stuck. The US Department of Defense (DoD), conversely, use dates 1965 to 1977. The article cited Gen Xers' tendency to found technology startup companies and small businesses, as well as their ambition, which research showed was higher among Gen X young adults than older generations. The birth of franchise mega-sequels in the science fiction, fantasy, and horror fiction genres, such as the epic space opera Star Wars and the Halloween franchise, had a profound and notable cultural influence. [162][163], The United Kingdom's Economic and Social Research Council described Generation X as "Thatcher's children" because the cohort grew up while Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990, "a time of social flux and transformation". Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [148] The project also included a 20min documentary titled Gen X Today. [68] The higher the educational attainment of the parents, the higher the odds the children of this time would be latchkey children, due to increased maternal participation in the workforce at a time before childcare options outside the home were widely available. [96] Furthermore, three decades of growth came to an end. [176][177] A similar trend continued at the 2001 and 2005 general elections as turnout dropped further among both the relatively young and the wider public. In the U.S., using Census population projections, the Pew Research Center found that the Gen X population born from 1965 to 1980 numbered 65.2million in 2019. The following are traits and characteristics typically associated with the so-called "latchkey kids" of Generation X: They may be independent, resourceful, and adaptable, with a strong sense of self-reliance. Generation X (often shortened to Gen X) is the demographic cohort following the baby boomers and preceding the millennials. [70][71][72][73] McCrindle Research Centre described the cohort as "the first to grow up without a large adult presence, with both parents working", stating this led to Gen Xers being more peer-oriented than previous generations. [38] George Masnick of the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies puts this generation in the time-frame of 1965 to 1984, in order to satisfy the premise that boomers, Xers, and millennials "cover equal 20-year age spans". [198] Vulture commented: "the best bands arose from the boredom of latchkey kids". [171], Generation X were far more likely to have children out of wedlock than their parents. Politically, in many Eastern Bloc countries, Generation X experienced the last days of communism and transition to capitalism as part of its youth. And as with male income, the trend is downward. The cohort has also been credited as entrepreneurial and productive in the workplace more broadly. Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1960s as starting birth years and the late 1970s to early 1980s as ending birth years, with the generation being generally defined as people born from 1965 to 1980. When boomers reached working age, they faced higher competition for jobs because of the rise in population. [114] Males wrote "these young Americans should finally get the recognition they deserve", praising the cohort and stating that "the permissively raised, universally deplored Generation X is the true 'great generation', for it has braved a hostile social climate to reverse abysmal trends". [57] However, increased immigration during the same period of time helped to partially offset declining birth-rates and contributed to making Generation X an ethnically and culturally diverse demographic cohort. By the late 1980s, there were large-scale layoffs of boomers, corporate downsizing, and accelerated offshoring of production. One-in-four Gen Zers are Hispanic, 14% are black, 6% are Asian and 5% are some other race or two or more races. They need validation less than the millennials and typically become financially literate at an earlier age, as many of their parents bore the full brunt of the Great Recession.[239]. "[144] In 2016, a global consumer insights project from Viacom International Media Networks and Viacom, based on over 12,000 respondents across 21 countries,[145] reported on Gen X's unconventional approach to sex, friendship, and family,[146] their desire for flexibility and fulfillment at work[147] and the absence of midlife crisis for Gen Xers. [130] In the 2008 book X Saves the World: How Generation X Got the Shaft but Can Still Keep Everything from Sucking, author Jeff Gordinier describes Generation X as a "dark horse demographic" which "doesn't seek the limelight". It concluded that, per year increases in household income generated by fathers/sons slowed from an average of 0.9% to 0.3%, barely keeping pace with inflation. Strauss wrote that society "moved from what Leslie Fiedler called a 1950s-era 'cult of the child' to what Landon Jones called a 1970s-era 'cult of the adult'". An undeniably hands-on approach to problem solving around the house. with Belinda McKeon & Barry McCrea", "The Irish For: Is Ireland more progressive now because we didn't have baby boomers? This precipitated a large government bailout, which placed further strain on the budget. However, it was also found to prevent pregnancy and was prescribed as a contraceptive in 1964. The five main characteristics of Generation X in the workplace. They are likely to value maintaining work-life balance, may be skeptical of authority, and may often view work as just "a job to get . In a 2007 article published in the Harvard Business Review, authors Strauss and Howe wrote of Generation X: "They are already the greatest entrepreneurial generation in U.S. history; their high-tech savvy and marketplace resilience have helped America prosper in the era of globalization. [29] U.S. news outlets such as The New York Times[30][31] and The Washington Post[32] describe Generation X as people born between 1965 and 1980. 10 Common Characteristics of the Millennial Generation Indeed Editorial Team Updated August 8, 2022 The Millennial Generation, a demographic categorization for those born between 1981 and 1996, is frequently a topic of debate. Time men spent on . [151], In France, "Generation X" is not as widely known or used to define its members. The Revolutions of 1989 and the collapse of the socialist utopia with the fall of the Berlin Wall, moreover, added to the disillusionment that any alternative to the capitalist model was possible. Characteristics of Gen Xers. For those in the West, there was a period of discovery and exploration of what had been a forbidden land. While at first punk musicians were not Gen Xers themselves (many of them were late boomers, or Generation Jones),[194] the fanbase for punk became increasingly Gen X-oriented as the earliest Xers entered their adolescence, and it therefore made a significant imprint on the cohort. Generation X. A Guide to Generations by Year A Year-by-Year Guide to the Different Generations From Boomers to Gen Z, experts break down America's generational timeline by name and year. Many researchers and demographers use dates that correspond to the fertility-patterns in the population. The end result? [5], Strauss and Howe, who wrote several books on generations, including one specifically on Generation X titled 13th Gen: Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail? Even within the period of analysis, inside national communities, commonalities will have differed on the basis of one's birth date. Arguably in a similar way to punk, a sense of disillusionment, angst and anger catalysed hard rock and heavy metal to grow from the earlier influence of rock. He also increased the federal budget for supply-reduction efforts. [26] The U.S. Federal Reserve Board uses 19651980 to define Gen X. The Gen X cohort was another 16-year group, but the boomers had a 19-year range . Generation X is the generation born after Generation Jones, i.e., from the mid-1960s to late 1970s. For former East Germans, there was adaptation, but also a sense of loss of accustomed values and structures. [90] Roots, based on the novel by Alex Haley and broadcast as a 12-hour series, was viewed as a turning point in the country's ability to relate to the afro-American history. [186], Gen Xers were the first cohort to come of age with MTV. Generation X, also known as Gen X or Gen Xers, were born between the late 1960s and early 1980s. Members of Generation X lived, and worked, through the stock market crash . [149], In Russia, Generation Xers are referred to as "the last Soviet children", as the last children to come of age prior to the downfall of communism in their nation and prior to the Dissolution of the Soviet Union. [52], There are differences in Gen X population numbers depending on the date-range selected. A detailed breakdown of when each generation was born. He reported Gen Xers' entrepreneurial tendencies helped create the high-tech industry that fueled the 1990s economic recovery. As a result, many Gen Xers value independence in their work, with many of this generation preferring to receive a basic objective and then finding their own way to achieve it. The study of hydrocarbon source rocks in the Fengcheng Formation of the Mahu Sag in the Junggar Basin . The study was released on 25 May 2007 and emphasized that this generation's men made less (by 12%) than their fathers had at the same age in 1974, thus reversing a historical trend. The term Generation X has been used at various times to describe alienated youth. [104][105], By the mid-late 1990s, under Bill Clinton's presidency, economic optimism had returned to the U.S.,[106] with unemployment reduced from 7.5% in 1992 to 4% in 2000. The social contract between employers and employees, which had endured during the 1960s and 1970s and was scheduled to last until retirement, was no longer applicable. [101][102] Ben Stiller's 1994 film Reality Bites also sought to capture the zeitgeist of the generation with a portrayal of the attitudes and lifestyle choices of the time. This particularly hit the LGBT community. The rankings were based on a three-year moving average between 2009 and 2011. ", "Study probes generation gap. Howe described Gen Xers instead as "stealth fighter parents", due to the tendency of Gen X parents to let minor issues go and to not hover over their children in the educational setting, but to intervene forcefully and swiftly in the event of more serious issues. However, even before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disbanding of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, surveys demonstrated that Russian young people repudiated the key features of the Communist worldview that their party leaders, schoolteachers, and even parents had tried to instill in them. They also offer. ", "Generation X's rebellious nature helped reinvent adulthood", "Gen X's Unconventional Approach To Sex, Friendship and Family", "At Work, Gen X Want Flexibility and Fulfilment More Than a Corner Office", "To Win Russia's 'Generation X', Yeltsin Is Pumping Up the Volume", "All grown up and in their forties: Whatever happened to Generation X? [133], A 2015 study by Sage Group reports Gen Xers "dominate the playing field" with respect to founding startups in the United States and Canada, with Xers launching the majority (55%) of all new businesses in 2015. [153] There is general agreement that, domestically, the event that is accepted in France as the separating point between the baby boomer generation and Generation X are the French strikes and violent riots of May 1968 with those of the generation too young to participate. In 1984, 26% of 16 to 24 year olds were neither in full-time education or participating in the workforce. Alkaline lacustrine deposits are known for their high primary productivity, unique aquatic environments, and sedimentary patterns, which are conducive to the formation and preservation of organic matter. After the film was released, "journalists and critics thought they put a finger on what was different about these young adults in that 'they were reluctant to grow up' and 'disdainful of earnest action'". Compulsory education ended at the age of 16. While Gen Zers and Millennials the most self-absorbed generations today teamed up to poke Baby Boomers with the subtle OK boomer jab, Gen Zers have also decided to take a few stabs at Gen X by calling them the Karen generation., Karen, the middle-aged white mom who is always asking for the manager and wondering why kids are so obsessed with their identities.. [100][187] Gen Xers were responsible for the alternative rock movement of the 1990s and 2000s, including the grunge subgenre. [176], At the 1997 General election where Labour won a large majority of seats and a comfortable lead in the popular vote, research suggests that voters under the age of 35 were more likely to vote Labour if they turned out than the wider electorate but significantly less likely to vote than in 1992. [18][14], Author William Strauss noted that around the time Coupland's 1991 novel was published the symbol "X" was prominent in popular culture, as the film Malcolm X was released in 1992, and that the name "Generation X" ended up sticking. Hip hop artists often talked about urban poverty and the problems of alcohol, drugs, and gangs in their communities. "[108], In 2011, survey analysis from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth found Gen Xers (defined as those who were then between the ages of 30 and 50) to be "balanced, active, and happy" in midlife and as achieving a work-life balance. The surveys showed 1829-year-old Gen Xers did exhibit higher levels of cynicism and disaffection than previous cohorts of 1829-year-olds surveyed. They were described in a marketing report by Specialty Retail as the kids who "lived the civil rights movement". Today's Young Adults Have Fought Wars Fiercely, Reversed Unfortunate Social Trends and Are Proving Themselves to be Another 'Great Generation', "Events Hand Generation X A 'Real Role to Play', "The Generation X Report: Active, Balanced, and Happy", "NSF funds launch of a new LSAY 7th grade cohort in 2015 NIH-NIA fund continued study of original LSAY students", "Long-term Survey Reveals Gen Xers Are Active, Balanced and Happy", "Study says Generation X is balanced and happy", "Generation X: America's neglected 'middle child', "CREATING A CULTURE OF INCLUSION -- LEVERAGING GENERATIONAL DIVERSITY: At-a-Glance", "What to Expect From Gen-X and Millennial Employees", "Comparing the levels of individualism/collectivism between baby boomers and generation X: Implications for teamwork", "The next 20 years: How customer and workforce attitudes will evolve", "Why Generation X is Sparking a Renaissance in Entrepreneurship", "Is College Still Worth It? But thats not enough for todays Gen Zers Americas youngest workforce. As a Gen Xer, you can use your independence to advance in your career. According to Rose Tricia, "In rap, relationships between black cultural practice, social and economic conditions, technology, sexual and racial politics, and the institution policing of the popular terrain are complex and in constant motion". Polling suggests a plurality of their age group backed the Conservatives in 2010 and 2015 but less overwhelming than much of the older generation. [169] This was particularly true of the youngest members of the working aged population. [233] In France, Michel Houellebecq and Frdric Beigbeder rank among major novelists whose work also reflect the dissatisfaction and melancholies of the cohort. 20 Facts About Generation X By Jake Rossen | Jan 5, 2022 | Updated: May 17, 2023, 3:10 PM EDT Jennifer Aniston is a member of Generation X. Gen Xers were no longer simply the consumers of punk, they became the creators as well. Theyve been found to set defined goals and expectations and feel their company is dealing effectively with customer experience, according to a poll done by SurveyMonkey. [66], The rapid influx of boomer women into the labor force that began in the 1970s was marked by the confidence of many in their ability to successfully pursue a career while meeting the needs of their children. Gen X values autonomy. [5] George Masnick of the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies puts this generation in the time-frame of 1965 to 1984, in order to satisfy the premise that boomers, Xers, and millennials "cover equal 20-year age spans". [49] Names given to these "cuspers" include Xennials,[50] Generation Catalano,[51] and the Oregon Trail Generation. [8][29], Generally, Gen Xers are the children of the Silent Generation and generally older baby boomers. 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