Bernard Montgomery (November 17, 1887 - March 24, 1976), often referred to as "Monty", was a British Army Officer. Instead of carrying out the advance to Arnhem he ought to have made certain of Antwerp". [100] At St Paul's School on 7 April and 15 May Montgomery presented his strategy for the invasion. On arriving in the town square in front of Macroom Castle he summoned the IRA commander, Charlie Browne, to parley. Much of his correspondence with his wife was destroyed when his quarters at Portsmouth were bombed during the Second World War. It crossed the Rhine on 24 March 1945, in Operation Plunder, which took place two weeks after U.S. First Army had crossed the Rhine after capturing the Ludendorff Bridge during the Battle of Remagen. Montgomery's contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and definite plan. She respected his ambition and single-mindedness, but declined his proposal of marriage. Eisenhower. Born in 1887, Bernard Law Montgomery was a British general who served in the First World War and the Irish War of Independence before rising in prominence to become one of the most talented generals of World War II. Curiously, this view does a great disservice to 'Monty' for any rigid planning of operations before the German response was known would have been bad generalship indeed! Statue of Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein in Montgomery Square, Brussels, "General Montgomery" redirects here. It was reported to the War Office that "Montgomery has to be very careful of what he does on his eastern flank because on that flank is the only British Army there is left in this part of the world". Bernard Montgomery (November 17, 1887-March 24, 1976) was a British soldier who rose through the ranks to become one of the most important military leaders of World War II. Either there was a miscommunication between the two men or Eisenhower did not understand the strategy. [191], The attack initially advanced rapidly, splitting U.S. 12th Army Group in two, with all of U.S. Ninth Army and the bulk of U.S. First Army on the northern shoulder of the German 'bulge'. Answer (1 of 29): Montgomery was one of the best Generals ever to command a battlefield.However he displayed signs of being borderline autistic which in a way was what made him good. The British journalist Mark Urban wrote that the purpose of Goodwood was to draw German troops to their left flank to allow the American forces to break out on the right flank, arguing that Montgomery had to lie to his soldiers about the purpose of Goodwood, as the average British soldier would not have understood why they were being asked to create a diversion to allow the Americans to have the glory of staging the breakout with Operation Cobra. [133] Ultra decrypts indicated that the Germans now facing Bradley were seriously understrength, with Operation Cobra about to commence. The 3rd Division was at that time the only fully equipped division in Britain. [146] An American officer wrote in his diary that Tedder had come to see Eisenhower to "pursue his current favourite subject, the sacking of Monty". RTR Cap badge. During this battle, U.S. Ninth Army, which had remained part of 21st Army Group after the Battle of the Bulge, formed the northern arm of the envelopment of German Army Group B, with U.S. First Army forming the southern arm. [67] These invasion plans also did not go ahead. [75], Montgomery was determined that the army, navy and air forces should fight their battles in a unified, focused manner according to a detailed plan. [216] When that strategy failed, he persuaded Eisenhower to occasionally put some American formations under the control of the 21st Army Group, so as to bolster his resources while still maintaining the outward appearance of successful British effort. [28] Betty Carver had two sons in their early teens, John and Dick, from her first marriage to Oswald Carver. "[224], Montgomery suffered from "an overbearing conceit and an uncontrollable urge for self-promotion." $5.99 + $1.75 shipping + $1.75 shipping + $1.75 shipping. [97], During late 1943, Montgomery continued to command the Eighth Army during the landings on the mainland of Italy itself, beginning with Operation Baytown. Yet strategically it fitted into a logical division of labors, for it was towards Caen that the enemy reserves would race once the alarm was sounded.[135]. Montgomery was thus caught in a dilemma the British Army needed to be seen to be pulling at least half the weight in the liberation of Europe, but without incurring the heavy casualties that such a role would inevitably produce. ), Grand Cordon of the Seal of Solomon (Ethiopia, 1949), This page was last edited on 3 December 2022, at 02:20. Shortly after the division's arrival overseas, Montgomery faced serious trouble from his military superiors and the clergy for his frank attitude regarding the sexual health of his soldiers, but was defended from dismissal by his superior Alan Brooke, commander of II Corps, of which Montgomery's division formed a part. [72], In 1942, a new field commander was required in the Middle East, where Auchinleck was fulfilling both the role of Commander-in-chief (C-in-C) of Middle East Command and commander Eighth Army. Stacey, Charles P. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War: Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific. ; by Jay Luvaas; 1990; pg 12-13, The Supreme Command, Forrest C Pogue, Chapter XX The Winter Counteroffensives, pp. [108] Despite the setback at Villers Bocage, Montgomery was still optimistic as the Allies were landing more troops and supplies than they were losing in battle, and though the German lines were holding, the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS were suffering considerable attrition. Bernard Montgomery. The so-called Falaise Gap was closed on 22 August 1944, but several American generals, most notably Patton, accused Montgomery of being insufficiently aggressive in closing it. He also took part in the Battle of Passchendaele in late 1917 before finishing the war as chief of staff of the 47th (2nd London) Division. [204], Command of U.S. First Army reverted to 12th Army Group on 17 January 1945,[205] whilst command of U.S. Ninth Army remained with 21st Army Group for the coming operations to cross the Rhine. [240], Montgomery mentioned to the American journalist John Gunther in April 1944 that (like Alanbrooke) he kept a secret diary. Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery was one of the most prominent and successful British commanders of the Second World War (1939-45). [28] He became a general staff officer with IX Corps, part of General Sir Herbert Plumer's Second Army, in July 1917. Malo. [167] On 10 September 1944, Bomber Command dropped 4,719 tons of bombs on Le Havre, which was the prelude to Operation Astonia, the assault on Le Havre by Crocker's men, which was taken two days later. Unable to advance further, and running out of fuel, the Wehrmacht abandoned the offensive. The operation was a strategic Allied success in drawing in the last German reserves in Normandy towards the Caen sector away from the American sector, greatly assisting the American breakout in Operation Cobra. In the meantime, the First Canadian Army finally achieved the task of clearing the mouth of the river Scheldt, despite the fact that in the words of Copp and Vogel "that Montgomery's Directive required the Canadians to continue to fight alone for almost two weeks in a battle which everyone agreed could only be won with the aid of additional divisions". [192], With the British and American forces under Montgomery's command holding the northern flank of the German assault, General Patton's Third Army, which was 90 miles (140km) to the south, turned north and fought its way through the severe weather and German opposition to relieve the besieged American forces in Bastogne. [125], An American break-out was achieved with Operation Cobra and the encirclement of German forces in the Falaise pocket at the cost of British losses with the diversionary Operation Goodwood. World War Two, 8th army. [116] Montgomery told General Sir Miles Dempsey, the commander of Second British Army: "Go on hitting, drawing the German strength, especially some of the armour, onto yourself so as to ease the way for Brad [Bradley]. [147] On 20 July, Montgomery met Eisenhower and on 21 July, Churchill, at the TAC in France. For Monty's primary task was to attract German troops to the British front that we might more easily secure Cherbourg and get into position for the breakout. Suffering heavy losses in Normandy would diminish British leadership and prestige within its empire and on post-war Europe in particular. In Pursuit of Military Excellence; The Evolution of Operational Theory'; by Shimon Naveh, pg 108-109. On returning to the Western Front as a general staff officer, he took part in the Battle of Arras in AprilMay 1917. [150] A dissatisfied Montgomery sacked Bucknall for being insufficiently aggressive and replaced him with General Brian Horrocks. [160], On 3 September 1944 Hitler ordered Fifteenth Army, which had been stationed in the Pas de Calais region and was withdrawing north into the Low Countries, to hold the mouth of the river Scheldt to deprive the Allies of the use of Antwerp. The American magazine LIFE quoted Bradley in 1951: While Collins was hoisting his VII Corps flag over Cherbourg, Montgomery was spending his reputation in a bitter siege against the old university city of Caen. WWII Photo Female Pilot British Air Transport Aux 1944 WW2 World War B&W / 1314. This included temporary command of the US First Army and the US Ninth Army, which held up the German advance to the north of the Bulge while the US Third Army under Lieutenant General George Patton relieved Bastogne from the south. [63][62] On 29/30 May, as the 3rd Division moved into the Dunkirk bridgehead, Montgomery temporarily took over from Brooke, who received orders to return to the United Kingdom, as GOC of II Corps for the final stages of the Dunkirk evacuation. He was taken prisoner at Mersa Matruh on 7 November 1942. [69] Promoted to temporary lieutenant-general in July,[70] in December Montgomery was given command of South-Eastern Command[71] overseeing the defence of Kent, Sussex and Surrey. Badges supplied loose and need to be fixed on. [239] Montgomery was stripped of his honorary citizenship of Montgomery, Alabama, and was challenged to a duel by an Italian lawyer. [114] The Canadian historians Terry Copp and Robert Vogel wrote about the dispute between the "American school" and "British school" after having suffered several setbacks in June 1944: Montgomery drew what was the indisputably correct conclusion from these events. [229], Montgomery was then appointed Chairman of the Western Union Defence Organization's C-in-C committee. If anything he is underrated. It was a deep water inland port connected to the North Sea via the river Scheldt. Alan Brooke, chief of the British Imperial General Staff, wrote: "Ike knows nothing about strategy and is quite unsuited to the post of Supreme Commander. [28] He returned to the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment in 1925 as a company commander[28] and was promoted to major in July 1925. [111] General Friedrich Dollmann of Seventh Army had to commit the newly arrived II SS Corps to stop the British offensive. Montgomery, Bernard Law (Monty; Viscount Montgomery of Alamein) British general; won victory at El Alamein in World War II 1942; helped plan Normandy invasion 1887-1976 . 1,000 Lancasters were flying from the sea in groups of three or four at 3,000 feet (910m). [33], After graduating from the Staff College, he was appointed brigade major in the 17th Infantry Brigade in January 1921. These are revolutionary, durable and completely brilliant. [189][194], Morelock states that Montgomery was preoccupied with leading a "single thrust offensive" to Berlin as the overall commander of Allied ground forces, and that he accordingly treated the Ardennes counteroffensive "as a sideshow, to be finished with the least possible effort and expenditure of resources."[195]. GAUMONT BRITISH NEWSREEL (REUTERS)To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAEUWQ1JZL1DF8YUE3B2GSSDHM3-GENERAL-MONTGOMERY-SPEAKS-TO-E. [174] However, Simonds seems to have regarded the Scheldt campaign as a test of his ability, and he felt he could clear the Scheldt with only three Canadian divisions, namely the 2nd, the 3rd, and the 4th, despite having to take on the entire Fifteenth Army, which held strongly fortified positions in a landscape that favoured the defence. It was his refusal to engage in premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves and frustrate the German attempts to extend their breakthrough. [163] The Germans had mined the river Scheldt, the mouth of the Scheldt was still in German hands making it impossible for the Royal Navy to clear the mines in the river, and therefore the port of Antwerp was still useless to the Allies. "[132] Despite Montgomery's orders to try to press on, fierce German counter-attacks stopped the British offensive.[132]. [176] Montgomery had little respect for the Canadian generals, whom he dismissed as mediocre, with the exception of Simonds, whom he consistently praised as Canada's only "first-rate" general in the entire war. [60] During this time he began to develop a particular habit, which he would keep throughout the war, of going to bed at 21:30 every night without fail and giving only a single orderthat he was not to be disturbed, which was only very rarely disobeyed. [157], By September, ports like Cherbourg were too far away from the front line, causing the Allies great logistical problems. I think the rebels would probably [have] refused battles, and hidden their arms etc. Montgomery was harshly critical of US strategy in Vietnam, which involved deploying large numbers of combat troops, aggressive bombing attacks, and uprooting entire village populations and forcing them into strategic hamlets. [190] If the attack were to succeed in capturing Antwerp, the whole of 21st Army Group, along with U.S. Ninth Army and most of U.S. First Army would be trapped without supplies behind German lines. He had stabilised the Allied position at the First Battle of El Alamein, but after a visit in August 1942, the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, replaced him as C-in-C with General Sir Harold Alexander and William Gott as commander of the Eighth Army in the Western Desert. [244][245] He spoke out against the legalisation of homosexuality in the United Kingdom, arguing that the Sexual Offences Act 1967 was a "charter for buggery"[246] and that "this sort of thing may be tolerated by the French, but we're British thank God". [60], Montgomery's training paid off when the Germans began their invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May 1940 and the 3rd Division advanced to its planned position, near the Belgian city of Louvain. [175] As it was, Simonds made only slow progress in October 1944 during the fighting in the Battle of the Scheldt, although he was praised by Copp for imaginative and aggressive leadership who managed to achieve much, despite all of the odds against him. This is what Montgomery proposed in his Directive of June 30th and, if he and his admirers had let the record speak for itself, there would be little debate about his conduct of the first stages of the Normandy campaign. [172] After an attempt to storm the Leopold Canal by the 4th Canadian Division had been badly smashed by the German defenders, Simonds ordered a stop to further attempts to clear the river Scheldt until his mission of capturing the French ports on the English Channel had been accomplished; this allowed the German Fifteenth Army ample time to dig into its new home on the Scheldt. [43] While serving as a GSO2[44] with Eighth Army, Dick Carver was sent forward during the pursuit after El Alamein to help identify a new site for Eighth Army HQ. [218], Montgomery was notorious for his lack of tact and diplomacy. [142], With the success of Cobra, which was soon followed by unleashing U.S. Third Army commanded by General George S. Patton, Eisenhower wrote to Montgomery: "Am delighted that your basic plan has begun brilliantly to unfold with Bradley's initial success. [65] Models of the islands were prepared and detailed plans worked out for the invasion. This led to an exasperated Eisenhower telling Montgomery that the question was not the command arrangement but rather his (Montgomery's) ability and willingness to obey orders. [210], However, Montgomery was barely on speaking terms with his fellow service chiefs, sending his deputy Kenneth Crawford to attend their meetings[228] and he clashed particularly with Sir Arthur Tedder, who was by now Chief of the Air Staff (CAS). [23], The Great War began in August 1914 and Montgomery moved to France with his battalion that month, which was at the time part of the 10th Brigade of the 4th Division. [21] He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for gallant leadership: the citation for this award, published in the London Gazette in December 1914 reads: "Conspicuous gallant leading on 13th October, when he turned the enemy out of their trenches with the bayonet. After the war he became Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) in Germany and then Chief of the Imperial General Staff (19461948). The campaign would pivot on an Allied-held Caen in the east of the Normandy bridgehead, with relatively static British and Canadian armies forming a shoulder to attract and defeat German counter-attacks, relieving the US armies who would move and seize the Cotentin Peninsula and Brittany, wheeling south and then east on the right forming a pincer. [211] Many of Montgomery's clashes with Eisenhower were based on his determination to pursue the war "on lines most suitable to Britain". Answer (1 of 26): Your premise is false, and the product of decades of propaganda. Gunther remarked that it would surely be an essential source for historians. Smith jokingly replied that if Montgomery could do it he would give him a Flying Fortress complete with crew. Despite selling off all the farms that were at Ballynally, "there was barely enough to keep up New Park and pay for the blasted summer holiday" (i.e., at New Park). This was performed with great professionalism and occurred without any incidents and thereby filled a very vulnerable gap in the BEF's defensive line. I'm certainly no HUGE fan of Monty but my appreciation of him has grown as I've learned more, particularly in relation to Patton, whose stock with me has sunk. British General in command of 21st Army Group, W.W. II Many in the Allied command considered Montgomery to be arrogant and self-infatuated, while he viewed himself as the world's greatest military mind. The Rev. The German/Italian armoured corps infantry attack was stopped in very heavy fighting. (Churchill sent a telegram to Alexander on 23 September 1942 which began, "We are in your hands and of course a victorious battle makes amends for much delay. Brooke, Montgomery's corps commander, was pessimistic about the plan but Montgomery, in contrast, was not concerned, believing that he and his division would perform well regardless of the circumstances, particularly in a war of movement. "[74], Montgomery's assumption of command transformed the fighting spirit and abilities of the Eighth Army. "[203] General Omar Bradley blamed Montgomery's "stagnating conservatism" for his failure to counter-attack when ordered to do so by Eisenhower. Shop unique custom made Canvas Prints, Framed Prints, Posters, Tapestries, and more. [65] He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. [147] No notes were taken at the EisenhowerMontgomery and ChurchillMontgomery meetings, but Montgomery was able to persuade both men not to fire him. [231] He would continue to serve under Eisenhower's successors, Generals Matthew Ridgway and Al Gruenther, until his retirement, aged nearly 71, in 1958. Ahead of them the pathfinders were scattering their flares and before long the first bombs were dropping. [249], Montgomery died from unspecified causes in 1976 at his home Isington Mill in Isington, Hampshire, aged 88. Plain white background. [250][251][252][253] After a funeral at St George's Chapel, Windsor, his body was buried in Holy Cross churchyard, in Binsted, Hampshire. Rommel's forces had to withdraw urgently lest their retreat through the British minefields be cut off. Most of the blame for this lies with Montgomery, who was foolish enough to insist that it had been done perfectly, that Normandy and all his other battles had been fought accordingly to a precise master plan drawn up beforehand, from which he never deviated. [98] Montgomery abhorred what he considered to be a lack of coordination, a dispersion of effort, a strategic muddle and a lack of opportunism in the Allied effort in Italy, and he said that he was glad to leave the "dog's breakfast" on 23 December 1943. [79] Both Brooke and Alexander were astonished by the transformation in atmosphere when they visited on 19 August, less than a week after Montgomery had taken command. Bernard Montgomery (1887-1976) 10 Greatest Generals of World War II - Bernard Montgomery Montgomery (nicknamed 'Monty') fought both in World War I and World War II. Montgomery was then ordered to prepare plans for the invasion of neutral Ireland and to seize Cork, Cobh and Cork harbour. WWII British Para Maroon Beret, Size Large, New Reproduction. [247], Montgomery was a teetotaller, a vegetarian,[248] and a Christian. [32] He had not at first been selected for the Staff College in Camberley, Surrey (his only hope of ever achieving high command). [149] Once Third Army arrived, Bradley was promoted to take command of the newly created 12th Army Group, consisting of U.S. First and Third Armies. While this diversion of Monty's was brilliantly achieved, he nevertheless left himself open to criticism by overemphasizing the importance of his thrust toward Caen. [64] During this period he instituted a regime of continuous training and insisted on high levels of physical fitness for both officers and other ranks. [142], Operation Goodwood almost cost Montgomery his job, as Eisenhower seriously considered sacking him and only chose not to do so because to sack the popular "Monty" would have caused such a political backlash in Britain against the Americans at a critical moment in the war that the resulting strains in the Atlantic alliance were not considered worth it. [102] The 12th Waffen SS Division Hitlerjugend, as its name implies, was drawn entirely from the more fanatical elements of the Hitler Youth and commanded by the ruthless SS-Brigadefhrer Kurt Meyer, aka "Panzer Meyer". Eisenhower relied on speed, which in turn depended on logistics, which were "stretched to the limit". of the Army Office of Military History; 1947; p. 439, World War II in Europe: A Concise History, page 168, by Marvin Perry, Cengage Learning, 2012, ISBN 9781285401799, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, page 1103, by Gerhard L. Weinberg, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2013, ISBN 9780511252938, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943-1944, Volume 2 of The Liberation Trilogy, page 126, by Rick Atkinson, Henry Holt and Company, 2007, ISBN 9781429920100, Chairman of the Western Union Commanders-in-Chief Committee, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, French Resistance had launched Plan Violet, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, surrender of German forces in north-west Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, David Montgomery, 2nd Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Companion of the Distinguished Service Order, "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", "The Suffolk nun charged with teaching one of the world's most controversial military leaders", "The story behind Monty's Macroom Castle standoff with the IRA", Chapter 11 Tunisia. [209], On 4 May 1945, on Lneburg Heath, Montgomery accepted the surrender of German forces in north-west Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands. RM E0KR3A - Sir Winston Churchill chats with General Montgomery RM F050EP - Matchbox HO/OO plastic model soldier figure. "[128] A German tankman from the 21st Panzer Division at the receiving end of this bombardment remembered: "We saw little dots detach themselves from the planes, so many of them that the crazy thought occurred to us: are those leaflets? Churchill, p. 420. The context of British casualties and the shortage of reinforcements, prompted Montgomery to "excessive caution". During this time he further developed and rehearsed his ideas and trained his soldiers, culminating in Exercise Tiger in May 1942, a combined forces exercise involving 100,000 troops. [98] Both Churchill and Eisenhower had found Montgomery difficult to work with in the past and wanted the position to go to the more affable General Sir Harold Alexander. He commanded the British Eighth Army during the Second Battle of El Alamein, which was the first major land victory for the allies. As Montgomery was the nearest army group commander on the ground, on 20 December, Dwight D. Eisenhower temporarily transferred command of U.S. Ninth Army and U.S. First Army to Montgomery's 21st Army Group. [59] By then the Allies had agreed to Plan D, where they would advance deep into Belgium and take up positions on the River Dyle by the time the German forces attacked. [148] Brooke wrote in defence of his protg Montgomery: "Ike knows nothing about strategy and is 'quite' unsuited to the post of Supreme Commander. On 6 March 1943, Rommel's attack on the over-extended Eighth Army at Medenine (Operation Capri) with the largest concentration of German armour in North Africa was successfully repulsed. [170] On 6 September 1944, Montgomery told Crerar that "I want Boulogne badly" and that city should be taken no matter what the cost. From 1948 to 1951, he served as Chairman of the Commanders-in-Chief Committee of the Western Union. It is no wonder that Monty's real high ability is not always realised. [103], The failure to take Caen immediately has been the source of an immense historiographical dispute with bitter nationalist overtones. High quality British General Ww2-inspired gifts and merchandise. WW2 WWII Photo British General Montgomery Caen France July 44 World War Two 1789. [147] Brooke was sufficiently worried about the "sack Monty" campaign to visit Montgomery at his Tactical Headquarters (TAC) in France and as he wrote in his diary; "warned [Montgomery] of a tendency in the PM [Churchill] to listen to suggestions that Monty played for safety and was not prepared to take risks". GENERAL MONTGOMERY WW2 COMMEMORATIVE JACK KNIFE NOVELTY LUCITE VINTAGE WWII. He saw action in the First World War as a junior officer of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. I don't suppose anybody would put up with my sort of behaviour these days. [28] In 1931 Montgomery was promoted to substantive lieutenant-colonel[49] and became the Commanding officer (CO) of the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment and saw service in Palestine and British India. It was not good enough, apparently, to win such a complete and spectacular victory over an enemy that had conquered most of Europe unless it was done perfectly. [157] The British journalist Mark Urban writes that Montgomery seemed unable to grasp that as the majority of the 2.2million Allied soldiers fighting against Germany on the Western Front were now American (the ratio was 3:1) that it was politically unacceptable to American public opinion to have Montgomery remain as Land Forces Commander as: "Politics would not allow him to carry on giving orders to great armies of Americans simply because, in his view, he was better than their generals. 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Eighth Army F050EP - Matchbox HO/OO plastic model soldier figure plastic model soldier figure Betty Carver had sons! Plans for the allies occurred without any incidents and thereby filled a very vulnerable in! Jack KNIFE NOVELTY LUCITE ww2 british general montgomery wwii inland port connected to the limit '' relied on speed which! To work with, & quot ; Monty & quot ; was nevertheless exceptionally with...
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