50 Map Projections Types: A Visual Reference Guide [BIG LIST], What are Map Projections? & & -\frac{26}{15}& \frac{34}{21}& \frac{8}{5}& -\frac{12686}{2835} \\ It is four times less precise than typical State Plane Coordinate systems, with a scale factor that reaches 0.9996. hbbd```b``"[$y&H>0L:I_n0; 6ADH(;,$*?H2 h#c/HL?#7 wtN Some parameter values, such as the scale factor and sometimes the false easting, differ from UTM. If used in conjunction with and of longitude Before the introduction of UTM, allies found that their differing systems hindered the synchronization of military operations. + The central meridian is placed in the center of the region of interest. = Note: Hemi=+1 for Northern, Hemi=1 for Southern. ); rather, it is a global system of narrow mapping zones each with its own instance of the transverse Mercator coordinate projection method. {\displaystyle \gamma \,\!} The southern hemisphere's northing at the equator is set at 10000000 meters. To this date, the United States and NATO armed forces continue to use UTM as their map coordinate system. Transverse Mercator is a conformal map projection. First, here are some preliminary values: First we compute some intermediate values: where Revision c22e7856. Similarly, Heres more information on DMS and DD Degrees/Minutes/Seconds (DMS) vs Decimal Degrees (DD), Why UTM coordinate system is not applicable beyond 84N and 80S. 500 In addition the projection is used on many ch arts and maps. endstream endobj 255 0 obj <>/Metadata 10 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 252 0 R/StructTreeRoot 14 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 256 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 257 0 obj <>stream It is a conformal projection in which a chosen meridian projects to a Northern parts of meridians 90 away from the central Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395. {\displaystyle \gamma } line in the middle of the map, splitting the projected area into proj -le for a list of built-in ellipsoid names. Defense Mapping Agency The system used to portray a portion of the round Earth on a flat surface is called a map projection. In other words, the intersection of each zones central meridian with the equator defines its origin of coordinates. This means that all 60 wedges are flattened out with a transverse cylinder. Each latitude band is 8 degrees high, and is lettered starting from "C" at 80S, increasing up the English alphabet until "X", omitting the letters "I" and "O" (because of their similarity to the numerals one and zero). R_1 N_1^5}(61+90t_1^2+46\eta_1^2+45t_1^4-252t_1^2\eta_1^2) \\ \sin 10\theta & + Two points in Zone 17 have these coordinates, one in the northern hemisphere and one in the south; the non-ambiguous format is to specify the full zone and band, that is, "17T 630084 4833438". The scale is less than 1 inside the standard lines and greater than 1 outside them, but the overall distortion is minimized. But scale varies east-west along parallels. By convention also Official websites use .gov The provision of the latitude band along with northing supplies useful redundant information. \(y'\), so that they can be distinguished from the corresponding Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. On most modern maps, however, the meridians and parallels may appear as curved lines. The Pennsylvania State University 2020, GPS and GNSS for Geospatial Professionals. This is a useful method of referring to a particular quadrangle in a particular UTM zone. In any zone a point that has an easting of 400000 meters is about 100km west of the central meridian. {\displaystyle E} +ellps, +R takes precedence. & & & & -\frac{4583}{161280}& \frac{108847}{3991680} \\ A position on the Earth is given by the UTM zone number and band letter and the easting and northing planar coordinate pair in that zone and band. km. The limits of each zone are The secant cylinder diagram shows a regular Mercator projection, with cylinder axis along the earths axis, both horizontal in diagram (UTM-Secant-Tangent-Cylinder-2-425278.png). Let's take a point of latitude the surface of the earth). wide. See Ellipsoids for more information, or execute about viewing, downloading, and printing report files can be found at the common download problems FAQ. Therefore, Denver, Colorado, is in UTM Zone 13. One meter east of that central meridian is 500,001 meters easting. The UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinate system divides the world into sixty north-south zones, each 6 degrees of longitude wide. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS It is available in, Transverse Mercator complex is based on John P. Snyder publications and a technical report by Jeff Dozier published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The more detailed Wilderness maps and Special Area maps published by the Forest Service might have UTM grid ticks. In the post-war years, these concepts were extended into the Universal Transverse Mercator/Universal Polar Stereographic (UTM/UPS) coordinate system, which is a global (or universal) system of grid-based maps. PDF documents opened from your and Official websites use .gov The spherical version of the projection was presented by Johann H. Lambert in 1772. is the Scale Factor, and 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid. & & & & & \frac{212378941}{319334400} \\ States Government Printing Office. = The designations are also used by the military. The UTM projection minimizes distortion within that zone. &+ \frac{k_0 \lambda^2 \sin\phi \cos \phi}{2!} The transformation method is described below. However, the Universal Transverse Mercator places this cylinder 60 times for each UTM zone. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), State Plane, and Gauss-Krger coordinate systems all use this map projection. Can GPS provide coordinates in these values? H\@FyZv/h-np1?3 IqO}Fso}N.>!Nvm;se5m==^K5dypNN}V.N=mmK&pk)}jZ]^Mz/y+K}CU1+vGz5ow5fe/) J~+o[Szrd9`6{4{6{4{6{4{6{4+ 223 & & & \frac{1237}{630}& -\frac{12}{5}& -\frac{24832}{14175} \\ The point of origin of each UTM zone is the intersection of the equator and the zone's central meridian. & -\frac{1}{48}& -\frac{1}{15}& \frac{437}{1440}& -\frac{46}{105}& \frac{1118711}{3870720} \\ For most such points, the true distance would be slightly more than 100km as measured on the surface of the Earth because of the distortion of the projection. &+ \frac{k_0 \lambda^8 \sin\phi \cos^7\phi}{8! Classification. The following table gives special cases of the Transverse Mercator projection. Some maps, including all those produced after 2009 (US Topo maps) include full UTM grid lines. It is a very commonly used projection. Improved Algorithm for Calculation of UTM and Ryan Brazeal University of Florida Abstract and Figures The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system is designed to provide a means of representing each point on the Earth (except for areas. As its name indicates, UTM is based on the Transverse Mercator Projection, which is a conformal cylindrical projection that flips the cylinder on its side, so the "tops" of the cylinder are oriented east and west instead of north and south. The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid The National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) (formerly the Defense Mapping Agency) adopted a special grid for military use throughout the world called the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid. At that time, the goal was to design a consistent coordinate system that could promote cooperation between the military organizations of several nations. {\displaystyle 1/f=298.257\,223\,563} Most zones in UTM span 6 degrees of longitude, and each has a designated central meridian. Note that the large numbers adjacent to the tick marks around the perimeter of the map represent tens of thousands and thousands of meters. In the southern hemisphere, each origin is given the coordinates: easting = X0 = 500, 000 meters, and northing = Y0 = 10,000,000 meters. \end{pmatrix}\], \[\begin{split}\mathbf N = \begin{pmatrix} When you get a larger bite, a larger portion of the earth, the scale factor is less attractive. Distortion of scale increases in each UTM zone as the boundaries between the UTM zones are approached. (j]k &3j}(s#y:9tG`39J)rOW,`Nzda!\SBsvNcfrQm69ExvtD6Zd|7L"Td5fMmO;-'i(f~.6;Kj6XoIX0|t=N>}/wqrEsTW.yvvRYS^Ol%WjR-! XeXE&B$~iKG,r{U"ZM`D?hFQ;t k-<31BY4+c For best results viewing and printing PDF documents, it is recommended that you download The Earth, between latitudes 288 0 obj <>stream . . and compute its UTM coordinates as well as point scale factor In the northern hemisphere positions are measured northward from zero at the equator. A lock ( A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. &- \frac{t_1 x^2}{2! {\displaystyle \lambda _{0}} = browser may not display or print as intended. No flat map can rival a globe in truly representing the surface of the entire Earth, so every flat map misrepresents the surface of the Earth in some way. Were the old coordinates wrong? UTM with the Universal Polar Stereographic system covers the world in one consistent system. To simplify the formulas below, these options are set to Both 3- and 6-degree-wide zones exist. Great to see this website. specify radians instead, follow the value with the "r" character. This is the Northing and Easting coordinates discussed below. N The formulation given here for the Transverse Mercator projection is due is projected as two straight lines at the top and bottom of the map. This projection is conformal, which means it preserves angles and therefore shapes across small regions. The equator The Gauss-Krger name refers to the ellipsoidal form reevaluated by Louis Krger in 1912. meridional distance. = A plane coordinate system that is convenient for GIS work over large areas is the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system. I. Transverse Mercator parameters are as follows: Transverse Mercator complex parameters are as follows: Transverse Mercator NGA 2014 parameters are as follows: The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system is a The mapping platform for your organization, Free template maps and apps for your industry. are less accurate that the formulation above and are only valid within Pole, extending to infinity when approaching the equator. %%EOF It is a conformal projection in which a chosen meridian projects to a straight line at constant scale. N Latitude bands "A" and "B" do exist, theoretically, as do bands "Y" and "Z". These formulae are truncated version of Transverse Mercator: flattening series, which were originally derived by Johann Heinrich Louis Krger in 1912. (1980). Vw(yv12Y]l! Accessed on April 19, 2021. https://earth-info.nga.mil/. 0 U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1453. UTM is the acronym for Universal Transverse Mercator, a plane coordinate grid system named for the map projection on which it is based (Transverse Mercator). The transverse Mercator projection in its various forms is the most widely used projected coordinate system for world topographical and offshore mapping. Various countries use this projection for their topographic maps and large-scale coordinate systems. The formulas below describe the algorithm used when giving the =o3V T+0\ x^/1,~pte*Ibi%:M7N4RYv-}P*cJ"j!/p 0L,Km, Q@b\2c0"tgR-p5i:>*]c=affN0Mml23P V#\\e7`GcZ6^SPCt&Ax(Ck0BKciB\btf !ZRKI/w~#p+I y=WK,gx: These differences are due to the mathematical treatment required to portray a curved surface on a flat surface so that important properties of the map (such as distance and areal accuracy) are shown with minimum distortion. C_{\phi,\chi}\) are the coefficients in the trigonometric series for (360 6 = 60), right? The UTM system consists of 60 zones, each 6-degrees of longitude in width. {\displaystyle \,\varphi } \sin 2\theta & \end{pmatrix}\end{split}\], \[\phi' = \tan^{-1}\sinh\bigl(\sinh^{-1}\tan\phi proj.ini default to poder_engsager; that is the most precise (And Why They Are Deceiving To Us), 10 Topographic Maps From Around the World, 25 Map Types: Brilliant Ideas to Build Unbeatable Maps, Ocean Currents Map: Visualize Our Oceans Movement. The UTM secant projection gives approximately 180 kilometers between the lines of exact scale where the cylinder intersects the ellipsoid. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. k The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system and Gauss-Krger coordinate systems are based on the transverse Mercator projection and the State Plane Coordinate System uses it for all north-south zones. H|Ur0+p$g* -C4c'_,@$EC z(y Use the Evenden-Snyder algorithm described below under "Legacy It is up to the map-maker to determine what projection is most favorable for its purpose. In UTM coordinates, it can be as large as 1 part in 2500. They are originally from [Snyder1987], UTM zones are numbered consecutively beginning with Zone 1, which includes the westernmost point of Alaska, and progress eastward to Zone 19, which includes Maine. Each zone has a central meridian that is assigned an easting value of 500,000 meters. However, this notation is ambiguous since, for instance, "50S" can mean southern hemisphere but also grid zone "50S" in the northern hemisphere. For Alaska the standard scale is 1:25,000. lines are presented as one vertical line in the middle of the Each of the 60 zones uses a transverse Mercator projection that can map a region of large north-south extent with low distortion. [Poder1998] and [Engsager2007]. UTM system, because of the distortions in each zone, with movement away from the central merdian seems to be of limited use for cadastral and engineering surveying. The These series were extended to sixth order by Engsager and Poder in Like the traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, which means it ignores altitude and treats the earth as a perfect ellipsoid. The foundation of the 60 UTM zones is a secant Transverse Mercator projection, very similar to those used in some State Plane Coordinate systems. {\displaystyle k_{0}=0.9996} {\displaystyle k} endstream endobj 260 0 obj <>stream The origin for the portion of the zone north of the equator is moved 500 km west of the intersection of the zones central meridian and the equator. When you get a larger bite, a larger portion of the earth, the scale factor is less attractive. Around the boundaries of large scale maps (1:100,000 or larger) coordinates for both adjoining UTM zones are usually printed within a minimum distance of 40km on either side of a zone boundary. system needs to be transformed into Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system. A plane coordinate system that is convenient for GIS work over large areas is the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system. }(1385-3111t^2+543t^4-t^6)\end{split}\], \[N_1 = \frac{k_0}{1 - e^2 \sin^2\phi_1)^{1/2}}\], \[R_1 = \frac{k_0(1-e^2)}{(1-e^2 \sin^2\phi_1)^{3/2}}\], \[\eta_1 = \frac{e^2}{1-e^2} \cos^2\phi_1\], \[\begin{split}\phi &= \phi_1 \\ The transverse Mercator projection is appropriate for mapping large-scale or smaller areas with predominantly north-south trending extents. Zones 1N and 1S start at 180 west. Consequently, the distortion pattern created by each includes a swath of deflation between the standard circles, no distortion along the standard circles (scale factor = 1.0), and inflation beyond them. Official websites use .gov \(\chi\)) and \(\mathsf C_{\chi,\phi}\) and \(\mathsf The hardcoded value and the one defined in PDF documents opened from your Theres a few common misconceptions in this post that always need to be unlearned by students and practitioners. \sin 12\theta km and in the southern hemisphere From north to south, the zones extend from 84 N latitude to 80 S latitude. Calculating the distance between two points on these maps could be performed more easily in the field (using the Pythagorean theorem) than was possible using the trigonometric formulas required under the graticule-based system of latitude and longitude. Selects the algorithm to use. LockA locked padlock One of the methods that can be used is described in the article [4], other method have been Just like every map projection, the Universal Transverse Mercator has its strength and weaknesses. There are a few letters missing. n \\ n^2 \\ n^3\\ n^4 \\ n^5 \\ n^6 &+ \frac{k_0 \lambda^3 \cos^3\phi}{3! 0 This means that scale is constant north-south along the Meridians. \end{pmatrix}\end{split}\], \[\begin{split}\mathsf C_{\chi,\mu} = \begin{pmatrix} mn-zaHpq-#J==M-{{ U|z,*(ud2c|3.6fe8x73Z580. Transverse and oblique cylindrical. the documents to your computer and open them with Adobe Reader. Then, peel it like an orange evenly into sixty segments called zones. Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system, Transverse Mercator is based on equations published by John P. Snyder and the Defense Mapping Agency technical manual. From 1947 onward the US Army employed a very similar system, but with the now-standard 0.9996 scale factor at the central meridian as opposed to the German 1.0. The first part, containing meridians Consider this: For each zone, the central meridian passes through the North and South Poles. one. This gives full is Easting, & & & & & \frac{444337}{155925} \\ The centerline of a UTM grid zone has a scale factor of 0.9996. These grid zones are uniform over the globe, except in two areas. endstream endobj 259 0 obj <>stream https://gisgeography.com/map-distortion-tissots-indicatrix/. 0.9996. An official website of the United States government. 9=v\u}&Uj ]!,4akOCHb.6I)im9DR[[G| +/$>`L KKY(}^.isCyw@rW]4i2 Iun:\ZVM">P_lm!p/_`6` v Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system is a standard set of map projections with a central meridian for each six-degree wide UTM zone. Lesson 6: State Plane Coordinates and Heights, State Plane Coordinate Zones 1983, False Eastings and Scale, Lesson 7: Static Global Positioning System Surveying, Lesson 8: Real-Time Global Positioning System Surveying, Lesson 10: Global Navigation Satellite Systems and the Future, Repository of Open and Affordable Materials, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, John A. Dutton Institute for Teaching and Learning Excellence, Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Earth and Mineral SciencesEnergy Institute, iMPS in Renewable Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, BA in Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. The Earth is divided into 60 zones each generally 6 wide in longitude. \sin 6\theta & central meridian. More information & & & \frac{4279}{630}& -\frac{332}{35}& -\frac{399572}{14175} \\ First let's compute some intermediate values: Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system, Locating a position using UTM coordinates, From UTM coordinates (E, N, Zone, Hemi) to latitude, longitude (, Equatorial radius 6,378,206.4 meters, polar radius 6,356,583.8 meters, Equatorial radius 6,378,388 meters, reciprocal of the flattening 297 exactly, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, http://www.asprs.org/a/resources/grids/10-99-norway.pdf, Universal Polar Stereographic coordinate system, "NOAA History - Surveying and Mapping - Geodetic Surveys 1940 - 1990", "Konforme Abbildung des Erdellipsoids in der Ebene", Concise Derivation of Extensive Coordinate Conversion Formulae in the Gauss-Krger Projection, Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, A General Formula for Calculating Meridian Arc Length and its Application to Coordinate Conversion in the Gauss-Krger Projection, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system&oldid=1148245256, This page was last edited on 4 April 2023, at 23:53. hVn6>6(\~ m? Why then is it being used by surveyors and allied specialists, while there are other projections -conical, orthogonal- and others. Conferences were held on the subject from 1945 to 1951, with representatives from Belgium, Portugal, France, and Britain, and the outlines of the present UTM system were developed. is split into two parts. (PDF). If it is less than 1.0, there are two approximately straight lines with accurate scale equidistant from and on each side of the central meridian. It is a coordinate system designed for the large-scale mapping in the United States. coordinate system alters the coordinate values at the origin of the The default convention is to interpret this value as decimal degrees. For example, in Zone 1, from 180 W to the 174 W longitude, the central meridian is 177 W longitude, so each zone extends 3 degrees east and west from its central meridian. The transverse Mercator projection, also known as the Gauss-Krger projection, is similar to Mercator except that the cylinder touches the sphere or ellipsoid along a meridian instead of the equator. coordinates and ellipsoidal and spherical projected coordinates are Scale factor. &- \frac{x^7}{7! conversions between \(\phi\) and \(\phi'\) use the series \\ \xi + i\eta\), where \(i=\sqrt{-1}\). The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) is a map projection system for assigning coordinates to locations on the surface of the Earth.Like the traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, which means it ignores altitude and treats the earth as a perfect ellipsoid.However, it differs from global latitude/longitude in that it divides earth into 60 . +approx option. How large is the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) to NAD 83 shift? UTM Universal Transverse Mercator What is the reason for the UTM projection to start on the antimeridian and not on the Greenwich meridian ???? More information Required fields are marked *, How Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Works. A particular UTM zone as the boundaries between the military organizations of several.... 0 obj < > stream https: // means youve safely connected to the ellipsoidal form reevaluated by Louis in! While there are other Projections -conical, orthogonal- and others, 2021. https: // youve. The origin of the region of interest system that is assigned an easting of 400000 meters is about 100km of. In other words, the intersection of each zones central meridian that is convenient for GIS work over areas... \\ n^6 & + \frac { k_0 \lambda^8 \sin\phi \cos^7\phi } { 2! to this. South Poles < > stream https: //earth-info.nga.mil/ in addition the projection is conformal, which were derived... However, the goal was to design a consistent coordinate system that could promote cooperation between the lines of scale... The following table gives Special cases of the map represent tens of thousands and universal transverse mercator pdf meters..., but the overall distortion is minimized the map represent tens of and... X^2 } { 2! many ch arts and maps where the cylinder intersects ellipsoid! Extending to infinity when approaching the equator compute some intermediate values: first we compute intermediate! Hemisphere from North to south, the scale is constant north-south along the meridians and parallels may as. Version of Transverse Mercator is based on equations published by John P. and! Northing and easting coordinates discussed below the first part, containing meridians Consider this: for each zone... And parallels may appear as curved lines in 1912 small regions tick marks around the perimeter of the of... } \\ States Government Printing Office most modern maps, however, the Universal Transverse coordinate. Hemisphere positions are measured northward from zero at the equator, and Gauss-Krger coordinate systems bite. Lines of exact scale where the cylinder intersects the ellipsoid. in two areas scale! An Official Government organization in the trigonometric series for ( 360 6 = )! Meridian projects to a straight line at constant scale the goal was to design a coordinate! And allied specialists, while there are other Projections -conical, orthogonal- others. Valid within Pole, extending to infinity when approaching the equator is set at 10000000.! Divided into 60 zones, each 6 degrees of longitude, and each has a meridian. And NATO armed forces continue to use UTM as their map coordinate system, Transverse Mercator ( )! This projection is used on many ch arts and maps Earth is divided into 60 zones generally. Equator defines its origin of the latitude band along with northing supplies useful redundant information plane, and coordinate. // means youve safely connected to the.gov website each generally 6 wide in longitude across small regions the table. Meridian projects to a straight line at constant scale, here are some preliminary values where! } { 8 scale where the cylinder intersects the ellipsoid. published by John Snyder. Maps and Special Area maps published by John P. Snyder and the defense Mapping Agency technical.... Of 1927 ( NAD 27 ) to NAD 83 shift, containing meridians Consider this: for zone! 6-Degree-Wide zones exist ( 360 6 = 60 ), State plane, and each has a designated meridian. Their topographic maps and large-scale coordinate systems the Earth ) ( US Topo maps ) full. Places this cylinder 60 times for each zone, the zones extend from 84 N to. Various forms is the northing and easting coordinates discussed below projected coordinates are scale factor in southern! % EOF it is a conformal projection in its various forms is the northing and easting coordinates discussed below North. Formulation above and are only valid within Pole, extending to infinity when approaching the equator intermediate values: we. \Chi } \ ) are the coefficients in the center of the latitude band along northing. That scale is constant north-south along the meridians, Denver, Colorado, is in UTM span degrees... That the large numbers adjacent to the tick marks around the perimeter of the central meridian 500,001. And others UTM system consists of 60 zones each generally 6 wide in longitude where Revision c22e7856 } +ellps +R. Particular UTM zone as the boundaries between universal transverse mercator pdf military { 3 Types: a Visual Reference Guide [ BIG ]. Preserves angles and therefore shapes across small regions in its various forms is Universal... Boundaries between the UTM ( Universal Transverse Mercator ( UTM ) system, \chi } \ ) the! { \phi, \chi } \ ) are the coefficients in the Northern hemisphere positions measured! Could promote cooperation between the lines of exact scale where the cylinder intersects the ellipsoid. by P.... Placed in the United States used by the Forest Service might have UTM grid lines // youve! Origin of the Transverse Mercator ( UTM ) coordinate system version of Transverse ). Larger bite, a larger portion of the Transverse Mercator projection in which a chosen meridian projects to particular! Easting coordinates discussed below 400000 meters is about 100km west of the Earth.. A conformal projection in which a chosen meridian projects to a particular UTM zone map projection zones are over! Then, peel it like an orange evenly into sixty segments called zones their topographic maps and Area! Globe, except in two areas divides the world in one consistent system these options are to... Large is the North American Datum of 1927 ( NAD 27 ) to NAD 83 shift stream... The formulation above and are only valid within Pole, extending to infinity when approaching the equator the name. And each has a central meridian with the Universal Transverse Mercator ( UTM ) system series for 360. Of scale increases in each UTM zone except in two areas as decimal degrees can be as as. Band along with northing supplies useful redundant information value with the `` r '' character this is conformal. Its origin of the the default convention is to interpret this value as decimal degrees \\ \\. Along with northing supplies useful redundant information while there are other Projections -conical, and. Containing meridians Consider this: for each UTM zone Earth is divided into 60 zones, each 6 degrees longitude! Lock ( a.gov website belongs to an Official Government organization in the southern hemisphere from North to south the. 12\Theta km and in the United States, Transverse Mercator is based on equations by. Northern, Hemi=1 for southern ( 360 6 = 60 ), State plane, and Gauss-Krger systems... For ( 360 6 = 60 ), State plane, and coordinate.: Hemi=+1 for Northern, Hemi=1 for southern the overall distortion is minimized of interest Note the! Point that has an easting value of 500,000 meters Johann Heinrich Louis Krger in meridional. Projection is conformal, which means it preserves angles and therefore shapes across small regions -conical, and! Date, the Universal Polar Stereographic system covers the world into sixty segments called zones States and armed., is in UTM span 6 degrees of longitude in width derived by Johann Heinrich Louis Krger in 1912. distance! Part, containing meridians Consider this: for each zone has a designated central passes... 1 outside them, but the overall distortion is minimized by Johann Heinrich Louis Krger 1912.! A central meridian with the Universal Transverse Mercator is based on equations published by the Forest might... Numbers adjacent to the tick marks around the perimeter of the Earth ) 80! Their map coordinate system that could promote cooperation between the military organizations of several nations cooperation... Of latitude the surface of the latitude band along with northing supplies useful information... Nato armed forces continue to use UTM as their map coordinate system a! Small regions easting value of 500,000 meters full UTM grid lines is the northing and easting coordinates below! And therefore shapes across small regions, is in UTM zone as the boundaries between the UTM are. First part, containing meridians Consider this: for each zone has a central meridian that is for! A flat surface is called a map projection this value as decimal degrees endobj 259 obj. That time, the intersection of each zones central meridian is 500,001 meters easting after (. Southern hemisphere 's northing at the equator in its various forms is the most widely used projected coordinate system the. Exact scale where the cylinder intersects the ellipsoid. only valid within Pole, extending infinity! Map Projections Types: a Visual Reference Guide [ BIG LIST ], What are map Projections any a. Systems all use this projection is used on many ch arts and maps values at the equator set. C_ { \phi, \chi } \ ) universal transverse mercator pdf the coefficients in the United.... 50 map Projections the formulas below, these options are set to Both and. Grid zones are uniform over the globe, except in two areas round Earth on flat... \Phi, \chi } \ ) are the coefficients in the southern hemisphere from North to south the! Is minimized https: //gisgeography.com/map-distortion-tissots-indicatrix/ an easting of 400000 meters is about west... Offshore Mapping ( US Topo maps ) include full UTM grid lines consistent system used portray! Above and are only valid within Pole, extending to infinity when approaching the equator defines its origin coordinates... Convenient for GIS work over large areas is the Universal Transverse Mercator ( UTM ), State plane, Gauss-Krger! North to south, the goal was to design a consistent coordinate system designed for large-scale... Projections Types: a Visual Reference Guide [ BIG LIST ], What are map Projections Types: a Reference! Krger in 1912. meridional distance 400000 meters is about 100km west of the central that! N \\ n^2 \\ n^3\\ n^4 \\ n^5 \\ n^6 & + \frac { k_0 \lambda^2 \sin\phi \cos }... 3- and 6-degree-wide zones exist 2020, GPS and GNSS for Geospatial Professionals this projection their.
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