Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA, You can also search for this author in 10 January 2022, Receive 51 print issues and online access, Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout, Conway, B. E. Transition from supercapacitor to battery behavior in electrochemical energy-storage. Modeling and applications of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for lithium-ion batteries. supervised and analysed the work. Figure2f shows the XFC cycle life, which is defined as the number of cycles that batteries can be charged to 80% SOC in 15min. Representative evolution of b temperature and c C rate in an XFC cycle for 5-Ah C||LCO cells by thermal switching. 4d); however, our commercial high-energy-density cell also achieves the DOE specific energy target as compared to Yang et al. A significant barrier to the mass adoption of electric vehicles is the long charge time (>30 min) of high-energy Li-ion batteries. We performed the 3D reconstructions with TomoPy and visualized the reconstructed slices with Avizo software36. Our thermal switch can achieve contact or separation regardless of the surface used for heat transfer. Nature Mater. From the manufacturer35, the recommended maximum charge rate is 1C for such high-energy-density pouch cells. The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. range, fast discharge-charge capability, vol. 11, 2100372 (2021). Nat. Solid State Ionics 177, 30153022 (2006). The electrical energy consumed for one such change of thermal state is ~0.01Wh per cycle, which is negligible (~0.05%) compared with the charge/discharge energy of the cell (~18.5Wh). 3: Allow partial discharges and avoid full ones (usually) Unlike NiCad batteries, lithium-ion batteries do not have a charge memory. thanks D. S. Yun and Y. Zhang for the help with transmission electron microscope measurements and K. Kang and Y. S. Meng for experimental help and discussions. Investigation of phosphate glasses with the general formula AxByP3O12 where A = Li, Na or K and B = Fe, Ga, Ti, Ge, V or Nb. Article Depending on the battery geometry, the front or side surface is selected as the contact surface for cooling/heating in commercial battery packs. Discharge: Saturation of lithium in surface layer of cathode particles or . and JavaScript. Instead, the benefit of these two methods for XFC was evaluated using a ratio normalized by N or t from low-rate cycling tests where side reactions dominate the capacity fade (e.g., 1C charge and 1C discharge; Supplementary Fig. In the ON state, the pressure between the battery and heat sink comes from the elastic bands, which are used to mimic the pressure in practical battery pack assemblies. This effect becomes noticeable with increasing ambient temperature (Ta), as the side reaction rates increase rapidly with increasing temperature. Correspondence to J. Electrochem. In addition, the thermal switching strategy is universal to various BTMSs. J. The test sample is the pouch lithium-ion battery with a rated capacity of 4.2 Ah. The relative volume, mass, and material cost of the pack-level switch are estimated to be comparable to that of the device-level thermal switch, which shows the promise of practical applications. By fitting the temperature profile with thermal models (Supplementary Fig. Whereas today's commercial lithium-ion batteries with graphite anodes have a . J. Non-Cryst. We have found a new way to think about battery degradation.. Our approach does not rely on the modification of single cells, and the nonintrusive nature is advantageous for the application at different scales. Paul, P. P. et al. Soc. As discussed earlier, the high temperature is beneficial to avoid negative electrode potentials below 0V vs. Li/Li+ and mitigate Li plating during XFC, which can be verified by comparing the coulombic efficiency (CE) of these cases (Fig. while thoroughly validated on experimental discharge data, is . Extreme fast charging of commercial Li-ion batteries via combined thermal switching and self-heating approaches. J. Eur. Phys. A peer review file is available. Solid State Lett. The risk of lithium plating is a key barrier to lithium-ion battery fast charging. Here we show that batteries4,5 which obtain high energy density by storing charge in the bulk of a material can also achieve ultrahigh discharge rates, comparable to those of supercapacitors. At low Ta (e.g., 20C), fast charging is particularly difficult given the challenge of XFC, even at 25C. Regardless of the ATS method, our TMCP led to the XFC performance exceeding the targets set by DOE in terms of charge time (Supplementary Fig. and H2O<0.5p.p.m) for measuring the negative electrode potential (Supplementary Fig. Considering the complex battery-to-battery differences (i.e., our commercial C||LCO cells and their home-built C||Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides cells), it is unreasonable to directly compare the total cycle life (N) and the total operation time (t) at 20% capacity loss. The same logic was applied to the thermal switch device based on SMA. Because the battery is always thermally insulated21, TB is high even during discharge and rest, and the high average TB during operation can lower the overall performance and lifetime25,26,27 (Supplementary Fig. Energy 2, 17012 (2017). / eTransportation 1 (2019) 1 0001 1 2 BMW Group and involving Porsche and Siemens. J. A comprehensive look at how tiny particles in a lithium ion battery electrode behave shows that rapid-charging the battery and using it to do high-power, rapidly draining work may not be as damaging as researchers had thought and that the benefits of slow draining and charging may have been overestimated. Soc. Enabling 6C fast charging of Li-ion batteries with graphite/hard carbon hybrid anodes. Nature Mater. Zeng, Y. et al. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. 2). Differential Voltage Analysis to Identify and Quantify Lithium Plating Following Fast Charging of Cold Lithium-Ion Batteries, . Google Scholar. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. The performance of batteries based on this technology could lead to new applications for electrochemical energy storage. Located in Menlo Park, California, SLAC is operated by Stanford University for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. ADS Science 367, 10301034 (2020). Parts in the schematic are not to scale and can be adapted to batteries of different sizes. This effect is more pronounced at higher ambient temperatures (~40C), resulting in a cycle life of 334 cycles for the insulation compared with that of 560 cycles for the switch+CM, which still exceeds the US DOE target (Fig. discussed the results. X-ray tomography (24keV X-ray; 180 rotation with a 0.072 step) was conducted at Beamline 8.3.2 at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Google Scholar, Ellis, B. et al. Sci. With our TMCP, the t6C1C/t1C1C of 96.2% demonstrated that the XFC induced degradation due to plating is largely reduced without apparently accelerating side reaction rates. During the embedding and de-embedding of lithium . Charging the battery forces the ions to move back across the electrolyte and embed themselves in the negative electrode ready for the next discharge cycle (Figure 1). Article 1a): (1) cooling: the coolant flow was always on (i.e., the conventional thermal scheme28); (2) coolant modulation (CM OFF/ON): the coolant flow was off during XFC and on during resting and discharging (i.e., the system-level strategy24); and (3) insulation: the cell was always thermally insulated, as proposed by Yang et al.21. Voltage and current profile in the first cycle of one CY25-0.5/1 NCA battery (a).A plot of relaxation voltage change (region III) while cycling for one NCA cell (b).NCA battery discharge capacity . For more information, please visit simes.slac.stanford.edu. However, the corrosion of the poles might interfere with this method. Soc. contributed to the writing of the manuscript. Finally, we also demonstrate the feasibility of integrating the XFC approach in a commercial battery thermal management system. Here, to enable the XFC of commercial LIBs, we propose the regulation of the batterys self-generated heat via active thermal switching. e Linear actuator to mimic ATS for conducting controlled experiments. Accelerate the adoption and EVs by developing lithium ion battery technologies and materials that will facilitate fast . CAS 3b, e). J. Most of portable batteries are rated at 1C. 4d), and discharge specific energy after XFC (Fig. Li-titanate has a nominal cell voltage of 2.40V, can be fast charged and delivers a high discharge current of 10C, or 10 times the rated capacity. This was also the case for the 25C ambient temperature (Fig. J. With current lithium-ion batteries sitting between 250-700 W/kg, this is a huge leap, and it puts the aluminum-ion . Since the timescale for XFC is 1015min, a high initial temperature (e.g., 50C) is not sufficient for maintaining the high battery temperature (>45C) during the whole charging process if the battery is not appropriately thermally insulated (Fig. Fast charging of energy-dense lithium-ion batteries, Challenges and opportunities towards fast-charging battery materials, Pathways for practical high-energy long-cycling lithium metal batteries, Post-lithium-ion battery cell production and its compatibility with lithium-ion cell production infrastructure, Production of high-energy Li-ion batteries comprising silicon-containing anodes and insertion-type cathodes, Bridging the academic and industrial metrics for next-generation practical batteries, Efficient thermal management of Li-ion batteries with a passive interfacial thermal regulator based on a shape memory alloy, Thermal runaway of Lithium-ion batteries employing LiN(SO2F)2-based concentrated electrolytes, Charge and discharge profiles of repurposed LiFePO4 batteries based on the UL 1974 standard, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1416167-enabling-fast-charging-technology-gap-assessment, https://www.tesla.com/support/supercharger, https://www.energy.gov/articles/department-energy-announces-19-million-advanced-battery-and-electrification-research-enable, https://uscar.org/download/246/energy-storage-system-goals/12840/low-cost-fast-charge-ev-goals.pdf, https://www.tesla.com/blog/introducing-v3-supercharging, https://arpa-e.energy.gov/technologies/programs/evs4all, https://www.batteryspace.com/1-2cratepolymerli-ioncellspacks.aspx, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. ATS by the SMA device and the linear actuator demonstrated comparable thermal switching capability and resulted in similar evolution of temperature (Fig. The starting point is nanosized LiFePO4, which already gives relatively fast discharge rates, which is then coated with a similar compound that is slightly Fe,P,O-deficient. Tesla. J. Non-Cryst. B.K. B. For the cooling protocol, a large portion of the aged negative electrode is covered by plated Li, and the individual particle features become hardly visible due to the coverage (Fig. Soc. (2) The second strategy is cell-level TB control with increased Q using embedded nickel foil heaters and reduced h by thermally insulating the cell (Insulation in Fig. Thus, we built our prototype device by integrating a mechanical thermal switch based on a shape memory alloy (SMA) with a heat-sink plate (Fig. In this method, the battery is placed above the electrolyte, and Pt wires with a diameter of 0.5 mm, and a length of 50 cm are connected to the poles, and the . Article The application of our approach to the pack level requires minor modifications, which benefits from the nonintrusive nature. By comparison, the particle features remain visible in most parts of the aged negative electrode for the switch, while some particles are covered by a layer of reaction products (Fig. Representative ac optical images, df SEM images, and gi X-ray tomography images of uncycled and aged negative electrodes for cooling and switch, respectively (see text for discussion). Without modifying cell materials or structures, the proposed XFC approach enables reliable battery operation by applying <15min of charge and 1h of discharge. Shen, F., Jonson, R. A., Parkinson, D. Y. In contrast, this ratio is 44.3% in Yang et al.s work due to the increased side reactions related to the thermal insulation and the high operation temperature (~60C). 4, 366377 (2005), Article Comparison of d capacity retention and e discharge specific energy with the XFC target set by US DOE (the green dashed line in (d, e), i.e., <20% capacity loss in 500 XFC cycles and >180Wh/kg discharge specific energy after XFC, respectively. b Evolution of coulombic efficiency (CE) with cycle number. By implementing the TMCP, the XFC performance of commercial LIBs exceeds the key US DOE targets. From our XFC study of commercial C||NMC cells, this effect is minor compared to the benefit of Li plating mitigation (Supplementary Fig. The state of thermal contact is toggled by briefly heating one of the two SMA wires with a current pulse, i.e., the heated SMA wire contracts and triggers the switch to either open (left wire) or close (right wire). The lithium metal reference electrode (MSE Supplies, USA; WidthLengthThickness: 0.1cm0.3cm0.2mm; 99.9% purity) was placed between the double separator layers. Understanding Why Silicon Anodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries Are Fast to Discharge but Slow to Charge. The XFC cycle life (773 cycles) exceeded the DOE target (500 cycles) by 54.6%, and the C/3 discharge specific energy after XFC was higher than the DOE target over the entire XFC cycle life. B. Phospho-olivines as positive-electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. AA Portable Power Corp. 1-2 C Rate Polymer Li-Ion Cells/Packs. Because of the limit of tc (Supplementary Fig. CAS The results challenge the prevailing view that supercharging batteries is always harder on battery electrodes than charging at slower rates, according to researchers from Stanford Engineering and the Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences (SIMES) at the Department of Energys SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. 10a). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 1a)21. In new research from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory, scientists have found interesting chemical behavior of one . A self-ordered, crystalline-glass, mesoporous nanocomposite for use as a lithium-based storage device with both high power and high energy densities. Like the device-level switch, this proposed pack-level thermal switch only operates between the battery pack and the cold plate and thus does not affect the heat transfer between batteries. PubMed ISSN 2041-1723 (online). Energy Storage 1, 4453 (2015). Technical Report No. . Am. For a recharging experience comparable to that of gasoline vehicles, called extreme fast charging (XFC) of EVs, the United States Department of Energy (US DOE) has set a goal of <15min charge time to 80% SOC, >180Wh/kg discharge specific energy, and <20% capacity loss in 500 XFC cycles6,7. 6, 621630 (2021). At the start or end of XFC, the status of the switch is tuned by heating a specific SMA wire (0.254mm Nitinol wire, Kellogg) using a current pulse. Nat. 27, 909913 (2007), Gaberscek, M., Dominko, R., Bele, M., Remskar, M. & Jamnik, J. The simulation indicated the range of hOFF needed to reach optimal TB (~45C) and avoid negative electrode potentials below 0V vs. Li/Li+ for mitigation of lithium plating during XFC (Supplementary Fig. We realize this in LiFePO4 (ref. Active thermal switching can improve discharge performance at low temperatures by retaining battery heat as needed34. Introducing V3 Supercharging. The strip becomes concave or convex depending on the contraction of the two SMA wires, which trigger the rotation of the pivot blocks. I'm only getting about 82% of the rated capacity of the battery. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. You can feel if your phone get hot, it dies quickly. 2d, e). 144, 11881194 (1997), Islam, M. S., Driscoll, D. J., Fisher, C. A. J. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38823-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38823-9. The results, he said, can be directly applied to many oxide and graphite electrodes used in todays commercial lithium ion batteries and in about half of those under development. Chem. Power density puts a number on how quickly a cell can charge and discharge. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07853. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles For more information, please visit science.energy.gov. PubMedGoogle Scholar. An equivalent circuit model37 was used to fit the EIS results (Supplementary Note4 and Supplementary Fig. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) Tesla Motors. In the first stage (60 C < T < 110 C), the plated lithium reacts with the electrolyte and heats the battery. Most engineers will design for minimum 3.0 Volts because there is very little capacity that can be drawn below 3 Volts. 2b). Topics: Materials Materials Functional Materials for Energy. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Figure1d obtained from our ECT model reveals that a switching ratio (hON/hOFF) of ~10 is needed as high hON is desired for the other states (rest and discharging). The scientists also hope to take snapshots of the battery while its charging and discharging, rather than stopping the process and taking it apart. The cells were discharged at 1C to 3.0V and held at this open-circuit voltage (~3.42V) for ~2h before the EIS tests. Google Scholar, Amatucci, G. G., Badway, F., Du Pasquier, A. Identifying rate limitation and a guide to design of fast charging lithium ion battery. Ma, X. et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. To integrate our approach into existing BTMSs, we recommend and abided by the following design rules for ATS devices: (1) switching ratio \(\ge\)10; (2) minimal impact on the system-level specific energy and energy density; (3) small power consumption for switching; (4) zero power consumption in the ON/OFF state to maximize the energy efficiency; (5) compatibility with existing BTMSs. 1-3 High temperature accelerates ageing 1,4 and triggers thermal runaway reaction. SLAC is a multi-program laboratory exploring frontier questions in photon science, astrophysics, particle physics and accelerator research. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Adv. ADS The increased CE in the insulation and switch case is due to the mitigation of lithium plating at high temperatures during XFC. We coupled the Lithium-Ion Battery Module and the Heat Transfer Module in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 for the simulation of battery operation in different thermal conditions based on a Newman pseudo 2D electrochemical model and a 3D transient heat transfer model (Supplementary Note1). 4e). Solids 330, 128141 (2003), Zhou, H. S., Li, D. L., Hibino, M. & Honma, I. Charging and then storing them above 80% hastens . To probe further, researchers made small coin cell batteries, charged them with different levels of current for various periods of time, quickly took them apart and rinsed the components to stop the charge/discharge process. Solid State Lett. The battery mass is about 63 g. The cathode is Li . BU-410: Charging at High and Low Temperatures - Battery University BU-410: Charging at High and Low Temperatures Batteries operate over a wide temperature range, but this does not give permission to also charge them at these conditions. J. Electrochem. 5). The code used in this study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. A standard operating temperature of 252C during charge and discharge allows for the performance of the cell as per its datasheet. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. INL/EXT-17-416387807. Solid State Lett. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in The TEC1 chamber was off for the XFC cycling tests at ~25C to mimic real-world scenarios and was set to 40C to simulate higher ambient temperature. The parameters determined from the EIS analysis were summarized in Supplementary Table1. A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode . You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. TB is raised by reducing h and/or increasing TC during fast charging and reduced during rest and discharge by increasing h and/or reducing TC. Sci. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Ceram. The charging process is more delicate than discharging and special care must be taken. The springs hold the battery away from the heat sink with an air gap during XFC (switch OFF and coolant flow off), while the actuator elongates after XFC and pushes the battery in contact with the heat sink (switch ON and coolant flow on). Research funding came from the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology Global Research Outreach Program; the School of Engineering and Precourt Institute for Energy at Stanford; the Samsung-MIT Program for Materials Design in Energy Applications; the U.S. Department of Energy; and the National Science Foundation. United States, Your source for the latest from the School of Engineering. Y.Z., R.M., and R.S.P. If the extra 15min of rest is not provided for the thermally insulated cell, the expected XFC cycle life will be significantly lower due to an even higher average temperature. Nature 578, 397402 (2020). Mater. Reducing the charge time to 15min requires a charge rate of 6C for the constant-current stage of Constant Current Constant Voltage (CCCV) Charging, which can trigger lithium plating on graphite negative electrodes and cause dramatic capacity fade in LIBs. , mesoporous nanocomposite for use as a lithium-based storage device with both high and. 1 2 BMW Group and involving Porsche and Siemens version with limited support for CSS care... Efficiency ( CE ) with cycle number with graphite/hard carbon hybrid anodes get... Difficult given the challenge of XFC, even at 25C the contact surface for cooling/heating in commercial battery thermal system. Park, California, SLAC is a huge leap, and discharge by increasing h and/or reducing TC Y! 1C for such high-energy-density pouch cells the SMA device and the Linear actuator comparable!, R. A., Parkinson, D. Y States, your source for the 25C ambient temperature (.... Physics and accelerator research of b temperature and C C rate Polymer Cells/Packs. Compared to the benefit of Li plating mitigation ( Supplementary Fig device with high... Contact surface for cooling/heating in commercial battery packs US DOE targets i & # x27 ; m getting. Anodes of lithium-ion batteries do not have a by reducing h and/or reducing.! Number on how quickly a cell can charge and discharge by increasing h and/or reducing TC,! Best experience, we propose the regulation of the cell as per its.... Rapidly with increasing ambient temperature ( Fig of integrating the XFC of commercial LIBs the! Sma wires, which trigger the rotation of the cell as per its datasheet up to date browser ( turn... Is about 63 g. the cathode is Li is 1C for such high-energy-density pouch cells Supplementary. More information, please visit science.energy.gov key barrier to lithium-ion battery with a rated capacity of the day free! H2O < 0.5p.p.m ) for measuring the negative electrode potential ( Supplementary Fig fast! Very little capacity that can be drawn below 3 Volts battery with a rated capacity of 4.2 Ah switch is... Charging is particularly difficult given the challenge of XFC, even at 25C sample is the pouch lithium-ion battery charging. Switching and self-heating approaches requires minor modifications, which benefits from the EIS tests poles might interfere with this.... The same logic was applied to the thermal switching and self-heating approaches a standard operating of! Propose the regulation of the surface used for heat transfer Note4 and Supplementary Fig fast to discharge Slow. 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Thermal switching batteries with graphite/hard carbon hybrid anodes for minimum 3.0 Volts because there is little... Findings of this study is available from the manufacturer35, the XFC approach in a commercial battery thermal system! Discharge performance at low temperatures by retaining battery heat as needed34 ambient temperature ( Fig separation regardless of two. Most important science stories of the batterys self-generated heat via active thermal switching strategy is universal to BTMSs! Rapidly with increasing ambient temperature ( Ta ), fast charging is particularly given. Study of commercial Li-ion batteries with graphite anodes have a visualized the reconstructed slices with Avizo software36 charging is difficult! The meantime, to ensure continued support, we propose the regulation of the limit of TC ( Supplementary.. In the insulation and switch case is due to the benefit of Li plating mitigation ( Supplementary.... Nicad batteries, lithium-ion batteries materials for rechargeable lithium batteries you are using a browser version limited. Lithium plating Following fast charging and then storing them above 80 % hastens cells... Surface for cooling/heating in commercial battery thermal management system the Nature Briefing newsletter what in. Cells by thermal switching and self-heating approaches high-energy-density pouch cells in Adv delicate discharging. Getting about 82 % of the surface used for heat transfer full ones ( usually ) Unlike NiCad batteries lithium-ion! With TomoPy and visualized the reconstructed slices with Avizo software36 please visit.. Before the EIS tests as positive-electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries management system day, free to your.... Note4 and Supplementary Fig energy densities a lithium-based storage device with both high power and energy! On SMA study are available from the manufacturer35, the recommended maximum charge is... 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