Women in these factories worked long shifts and faced recurring threats from horrific industrial accidents, given lax safety standards and ongoing pressures to raise production rates. Therefore the distance between the vertical white lines is especially large there. Yet despite scholars more global focus in recent years, the Western Front remains hegemonic in shaping narratives of the war. Will you, please, help the GenTeam through your assistance? DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.11591. Much current scholarship explores Austria-Hungarys powerful legacies to the successor states in fields ranging from public administration, law codes, political systems, and economic policy, to educational and cultural policies. Especially when editing the last lists in 1917, one could observe that many soldiers killed in action or deceased from early war years are mentioned. To search the casualty lists, enter your search term (e.g., . This map shows the twelve present-day states that lie on the territory of the former Austria-Hungary (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine): How about YOU helping to complete the lists from 1918 as well? Austrian Propaganda Poster in World War I advertising war loans. Additionally, in response to pressures from its growing socialist party, Austria had also developed a significant and politically influential labor movement by 1900. Da es Aufzeichnungen aus dem multinationalen Staat sterreich-Ungarn sind, knnen die Personen in den Aufzeichnungen aus allen heutigen Lndern stammen, die vorher zu sterreich-Ungarn gehrten. endstream endobj startxref Treated as enemies of the state, the deportees suffered horrendous conditions. From 1914 to 1917 Austria-Hungary also experienced revolutionary economic and social transformations on the home front. And contrary to what the military expected, Austria-Hungarys declaration of war against Serbia did not remain a localized conflict. Table 4: Population of the Territory of Austria-Hungary 1910 and 1920/21, highlighting Front Areas. Hungary, which had annually exported over 2 million tons of grain to Austria, now had to feed the military (over 3 million enlisted men and draft animals). Oberleutnant Ernst Strohschneider war ein sterreichisch-ungarisches Fliegerass whrend des Ersten Weltkriegs. Galntai, Jzsef: Hungary in the First World War, va Grusz and Judit Pokoly (trans.). Ironically, these false accusations later became the basis for several heroic foundational myths in the first Czechoslovak Republic. On the origins and workings of the KA, see Scheer, Tamara: Die Ringstrassenfront. Therefore I created a diagram showing in which list casualties from which year are published: At the vertical white lines a new year begins in each case. On wartime prostitution and fears of disease and moral decline: Wingfield, Nancy: The Enemy Within: Regulating Prostitution and Controlling Venereal Disease in Cisleithanian Austria During the Great War, in: Central European History 46/3 (2013), pp. [17] As the war ground on, and every male capable of serving at the front was called up, the state did not shy away from mobilizing women into industries previously dominated by men, such as the chemicals and munitions industries. Their officials had to find daily solutions to pressing social problems without help from Vienna or Budapest. Both professional and reserve officer corps were socially, religiously, and linguistically more diverse than their counterparts in Germany or Russia. The new emperor-king was his twenty-nine-year-old grandnephew Charles I (1887-1922). This helps to explain how both the nationalist and imperial loyalties among the troops fit together far more often than they may have contradicted each other. [4] It covered an area that today lies within the borders of Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia,the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Ukraine. The Austro-Hungarians conducted their invasion in forbidding terrain with far fewer troops than planned for. The assassination of the Habsburg heir in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 set in motion events that led to a global war.Arguably it was eighty-three-year-old Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria (1830-1916), pressured by military advisers, government ministers, and his German ally, who unleashed the war.Austria-Hungary's wartime experiences, however, rarely warrant mention in . !b`C9@>Knga\jc7?Cuiii*e5Pn5*:a;:*:*@{XO Der deutsch-slowenische Nationalittenkonflikt in der Steiermark 1900-1918, Innsbruck 2007. At the Battle of the Somme on 1st July 1916, Britain lost 19,240 killed. It could suspend the power of elected institutions and the functioning of the normal judiciary, and this is exactly what happened in the summer of 1914. Educated middle-class recruits who qualified for university admission could volunteer for a single years training as reserve officers. all rights reserved. Introduction . 336-380. Die einheitliche und unteilbare ungarische Nation im Weltkrieg, in: Rumpler, Die Habsburgermonarchie 2016, pp. On the Balkan front in 1916, Austro-Hungarian forces preemptively occupied Albania. Post by logan Tue Jun 10, 2014 8:17 pm. The assassination of the Archduke and his wife by Gavrilo Princip (1894-1918), a young pro-Serbian activist from Bosnia, gave them the opportunity they sought. Historians inattention to Austria-Hungarys war experience was not the result of the monarchys lack of technological know-how or its potential power in an industrialized war. 1752 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<7BE06BDD6BAD3C46BE932374E259D49A>]/Index[1742 35]/Info 1741 0 R/Length 74/Prev 485550/Root 1743 0 R/Size 1777/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Their fates were published in the casualty lists of Austria-Hungary. There, regimes of occupation covered vast territories, involved far more people than did the German occupations in the west and sometimes served as sites of ambitious social experimentation. 1914. %%EOF In 1917 British and French leaders showed some interest in these discussions, but Italy would not give up the vast territorial gains it had been promised. Do you have any other clues that can explain periods with particularly high numbers of dead? None of these efforts, however, could have much effect if Charles could not end the war and improve desperate living conditions. At the same time, a May Declaration of southern Slavs in Austria that sought to establish a unified southern Slav kingdom within Austria became the basis for a popular petition movement. The collapse of Austria-Hungary. 97-98. 62-63. 872 Words4 Pages. sterreich-Ungarn, das Kriegsberwachungsamt und der Ausnahmezustand whrend des ersten Weltkrieges, Vienna 2010. by logan Tue Jun 10, 2014 3:17 pm, Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited, Very clear images of World War I casualty lists for Austria-Hungary are viewable and full-text searchable on the website of the Upper Austrian Regional Library. The effects of First World War were lingering: especially in the Austrian Republic, undernourishment and poverty remained a problem. See also Jebek, Rudolf: Militrisches Potential und Kriegsverlauf 1914-1918, in: Rumpler, Helmut (ed. In Hungary and in Bosnia, the educational systems were not as well developed or funded as in Austria and resembled more those documented for Italy or Spain (around 50-55 percent). Not surprisingly, some of Austria-Hungarys commanders chafed against parliaments constitutional powers, seeing both the legislatures and civilian bureaucracies as dangerous rivals. Serbia and its ally Russia had already been frustrated by Austria-Hungarys annexation of the former Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. [13] In less than a year however, and for the duration, Austria-Hungary found itself trapped in a three-front war for which it had not planned. The casualty lists enumerate the wounded and killed soldiers as well as the prisoners of war of all Crown Lands of the Habsburg monarchy. After the introduction of universal and equal manhood suffrage for the imperial parliament in 1907, the socialist parties formed that bodys largest political bloc. (cPp#.P AJ"()"4ZV%T8"sRi2"(q"VB:IV%V*gt eL_2Y?E%-yexG'eQ2.u0662*-jCOWkYG((y ]S|V{ R.tfi6^&E~o0oe vR?Db"-Y6OS `e exRAj-.ty15+ge-kbBI^bEeQDxH37MJt`o/{Y$o4+Nl6(yJ}&X uQI In this case, probabilities were used. Hanged in my dorm today. The German General Staff observing events at the Battle of Tannenberg. Das freut uns! The growing influence of nationalist and socialist political parties on state policy was also anathema to Austria-Hungarys aristocratic and military elite, many of whom observed Austrias extensions of the franchise and the rising influence of political parties with alarm. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Austria-Hungary . Some 10,000 Italians were killed and another 30,000 wounded, while some 265,000 men were taken prisoner. Serbia had originally hoped to take the provinces for itself, and thereby to gain an outlet to the sea. Records may contain the full name of the casualty, the date of birth, the birthplace, the date of the casualty list, and military information pertaining to the casualty such as rank or unit. Food shortages in Austria-Hungary developed almost immediately after the start of the war. These were hardly the only mistakes of the first weeks of mobilization and combat. By 1916 women constituted 40 percent of the workforce in Austrias war industries, while at one munitions factory in Budapest women constituted 50 percent of the workforce. This was especially the case with the governments efforts to promise Polish nationalists a state (with a Habsburg ruler) after the war, while offering Ukrainians/ Ruthenes support for an independent Ukraine. [21] In Southern Styria, whose population was both Slovene- and German speaking, German nationalist denunciations of random local Slovene speakers (including priests) led to over 900 unjustified arrests and imprisonments. This was particularly the case in the decade before 1914 when because of political conflict the Hungarian government had frozen military budgets. By the last year of war women and children regularly left the cities to forage for any available food in nearby countryside areas, although the governments also sought to prevent this practice by confiscating returning peoples knapsacks at railway stations. This first month of war in Galicia brought 100,000 military deaths, over 200,000 wounded, and 100,000 captured. But where should they go and how should they survive? Austrian and Hungarian municipalities also hired women to replace men in public sectors, for example as conductors on city tramway lines. The vast majority, however, with no means to support themselves, ended up in holding camps hurriedly constructed by the Austrian state starting in September 1914.[26]. The military did not advance very far into Serbia, but it wreaked cruel havoc on those civilians it encountered. Feel free to post memes, pictures and links that are related to the empire, or just simply start a conversation about it. Ihm wurden 15 besttigte Luftsiege whrend seines Aufstiegs zum gleichzeitigen Kommando ber zwei Jagdgeschwader gutgeschrieben. . This text Austria: Train derails outside Vienna | It's not yet Austria sees record number of antisemitic incidents, Austria-Hungary "Protect Czechoslovakia" Can't Annex. Austrian supply line on the Italian Front. h{kHri }!j"Yio3+]'vs5jIV+5GA The last block on the right contains the information from 1918. ._0Ee]VV]ak"#X;)9op. Neighbors could turn swiftly against each other, reporting strange rumors about each other to local authorities. The republics of Austria and Hungary were the 'rump' states left after the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire saw the rest of its territory divided amongst Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Italy and Romania. This is a subreddit dedicated to the glorious empire of Austria-Hungary. More importantly, children increasingly suffered from malnutrition, disease, and early death. Skillful Serb defenses soon countered the invasion, and by 25 August the Austro-Hungarians had fully retreated from Serbia. In 1915 especially many lists (from number 90 to 347) were published. [28] Moreover, military success did little to alleviate popular anger about conditions at home, even though some touted the prospect of a so-called bread peace in the east. Therefore we would like to present once again some new graphical evaluations. After two and a half years of a brutal military dictatorship, and four years of starvation, exhaustion, and disease, Charles efforts to restore the rule of law and reform the monarchys structure counted for too little. This enormous task cannot be accomplished without your help. Today we could finish the year 1917. hb```V On 28 October the Czech National Council took control of Prague and confirmed the proclamation of a Czechoslovak state. Bachinger, Bernhard/Dornik, Wolfram (eds. By 26 August the Austro-Hungarian forces in Galicia were in full retreat. https://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/browse/periodika.verlustliste*/-/1/CURRENTNOSORT/-/, r/Genealogy might be better suited for this question. [7], As the experience of war would show, Austro-Hungarian units were no less effective than their British, French, German, Italian, or Russian counterparts. In the summer of 1914 a small circle of men in the military high command, foremost among them Chief of the General Staff Franz Conrad von Htzendorf (1852-1925), wanted Austria-Hungary to declare war on its neighbor Serbia. is licensed under: CC by-NC-ND 3.0 Germany - Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivative Works. Continuity and Rupture in the Habsburg Successor States after 1918, New York 2018, pp. There, the government jealously guarded its national prerogatives. This unfavorable rate too resulted largely from unwillingness of the parliaments to support the militarys budgetary demands. They could not see that Austria-Hungary was perhaps stronger precisely because of the ongoing liberalization of politics it had experienced since the 1860s. From changes in labor and gender relations to ongoing crises in food provision, the movements of thousands of refugees, and the rise of rumors and denunciation as a way of life, the war revolutionized every aspect of what came to be known as the home front. The AOK had not wanted to mobilize civilians to fight a total war. In fact, its aim had been the very opposite: to prevent the participation of civilians in the war effort and to limit the influence of civilians and political parties on war policy. Male workers with valuable skills were released from frontline military service, but they worked under harsh military discipline in the factories. [20], Different nationalist groups often accused their local nationalist opponents of fomenting treachery on the home front. I think this fits here as the video explores how the After a month I have finally finished my model SMS Press J to jump to the feed. The first block on the left contains the information from 1914 . Fearing the actions of legendary Komitadjie guerillas, and aware that not all Serb troops were in uniform, the Habsburg troops massacred thousands of civilians and burned villages preemptively. Er starb bei einem Flugunfall am 21. In some cases the date or place of death may . United States World War I Draft Registrations, 1917-1918, United Kingdom, Service Medal and Award Rolls Index, 1914-1918, Commonwealth War Graves, 1914-1921, 1939-1947, Australian World War II Nominal Roll, 1939-1945, United States, Index of Navy and Marine Corps Awards, 1925-1994, Soviet Prisoners of World War II Held in Germany. Does anyone know where I could possibly find a free and accessible casualty list for soldiers who served under Austria-Hungary during WW1? NoVzc;,y$ ^'4Hv_6|t.5blw~p8.)x? mu2=}+V^K-krnW5 9 In domestic affairs Charles sought at first to ameliorate social and nationalist conflict by considering a variety of concessions to different groups. Inside the Russian lines only the Galician fortress at Przemyl on the San River held out until 22 March 1915 when its 110,000 defenders surrendered. Many sons, brothers and fathers were drafted into the military. 160-161; Morelon, Clarie: Street Fronts: War, State Legitimacy and Urban Space, Prague 1914-1920, PHD Thesis, Sciences Po - Institut dtudes politiques de Paris, 2015, pp. The assassination of the Habsburg heir in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 set in motion events that led to a global war. Indirect Losses . [19] Despite harsh military discipline and repeated threats to men of being sent back to the front, these ongoing and intolerable conditions led to increasing waves of industrial strikes in 1917 and particularly in 1918. In Austria, at least, the civilian government did not put up a fight. The secret legislation also created a War Surveillance Office (Kriegsberwachungsamt, or KA), a new military bureaucracy designed to spy on Austrians, resident foreigners, displaced people, and prisoners of war (POWs). Klein-Pejova, Rebekah: Beyond the Infamous Concentration Camps of the Old Monarchy: Jewish Refugee Policy from Wartime Austria-Hungary to Interwar Czechoslovakia, in: Austrian History Yearbook 45 (2014), pp. @Xhc=`_,l}Y!W Ne,~U]ke,]?2wmR.nl_UFs*WsuDUpNbPEVfz8.6Maz_51{`V@dV=Vuud0/?Oa2OoX!:bYvK?h1?&E?=Mg~se1R2s6:GPUbt:Ypo u`!4g%%l-CUjk;N^np}A0~Z[A6 8!N ^C\d[SpLAB~fm;3sA>,d>BwWACTv67qh#-! The indexing of the casualty lists of World War I Austria-Hungary is progressing well. sterreich, Wiener Kirchenbuchverzeichnis der katholischen Kirche, 1585-1918. Indeed, the former Austria-Hungarian empire extended over considerably more of todays states than just Austria and Hungary. Refugees were divided according to their citizenship status (Austrian or Hungarian), their financial means, and often according to their region of origin, language, or religion. Using paragraph 14 of the constitution that allowed governments to legislate when parliament was not in session, the Austrian prime minister, Count Karl Strgkh (1859-1916), put Austria on a wartime footing, suspended parliament and the crownland legislatures indefinitely, placed several civil rights on hold (including the right to trial by jury for war crimes), and introduced strict wartime censorship. Particulars on how you can help are available fromthe GenTeam website. In 1917-18 the Austrian government even endowed a new Ministry for Social Welfare whose administrators sought the expertise and experience of regional nationalist welfare organizations to target and distribute benefits. This collection contains an index of casualty lists from Austria-Hungary from World War I. Update: Found this website and successfully found my ancestors, I hope this can help y'all. Wartime disasters, when they happened, almost always resulted from incompetent leadership rather than from the multilingualism of the recruits. On 2 October when a new Austrian prime minister promised legislation to create territorial federalization, few politicians paid much attention, except for those in Hungary who saw it as a violation of the 1867 Settlement. This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace details the losses of Austria-Hungary and Germany in the war. As Conrad explained to Redlich in September 1914, we fight on our own territory as in hostile land. This ensured a much greater social and religious diversity among Austro-Hungarian reserve officers (and a much higher percentage of Jewish reserve officers) than was the case in the more socially exclusive German or Russian officer corps. 1378-1402. The term casualty list is misleading, since the military counted as casualties not only dead but also wounded, prisoners of war, and missing. Hungary consisted of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and the. Today we could finish the year 1917. Militr und Gesellschaft in der Habsburgermonarchie (1800 bis 1914), Essen 2011, pp. Records may contain the full name of the casualty, the date of birth, the birthplace, the date of the casualty list, and military information pertaining to the casualty such as rank or unit. This presumption swiftly proved impossible when the war showed no sign of ending by December 1914. The most consequential change was the death of Emperor-King Francis Joseph after almost sixty-eight years as ruler. Yet in the years leading up to 1914 most of these munitions were exported to Germany, the Balkan States, the Ottoman Empire, Latin America, and China. Although the Kingdom of Hungary composed only 42% of the population . He repeatedly pressured the Tisza government to broaden the Hungarian suffrage (eventually firing Tisza), he amnestied all prisoners who had committed political offenses, including several Czech nationalist politicians held on trumped-up charges of treason, and he reduced harsh military censorship. Nothing illustrates this effort better than the secret emergency legislation the military high command managed to have passed during various war scares from 1908 to 1914. Military leaders repeatedly and unsuccessfully pressured Austrian Prime Minister Strgkh to extend their court martialing powers to non-war zone regions like Bohemia, where they falsely claimed that thousands of domestic Slav (Czech nationalist) traitors lurked. Additionally, Austria boasted state-sponsored social security and welfare provisions, from pension schemes to medical insurance like those found in Germany, provisions that placed it ahead of France or Great Britain. @A8#l BC; arll|.O\hcZ316: wh Worried about the growth of Serb influence in the region, military leaders viewed with alarm the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 that pitted Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia against the Ottoman Empire and then later (with Romania), against each other. It served the later interests of both Czech and German nationalists to repeat and amplify these stories. The Austro-Hungarian Empire conscripted 7.8 million soldiers during the First World War. On 16 October Charles issued a Manifesto to federalize the Austrian half of the empire, authorizing the national councils to organize their own regions. Both claimed the same Galician territory. In military terms the year 1917 saw the extraordinary victory in November at Caporetto/Kobarid that essentially ended Italian activity; the occupation of Romania by Germany and Austria-Hungary; and the termination of significant fighting in the east. On 20 October, for example, a Committee of Public Welfare in Graz claimed authority over Styria and its economy. Austrias official name was The Lands and Kingdoms represented in the Imperial Parliament. This was because the Habsburgs considered the name Austria to apply to all their dynastic holdings. In 1914 Austria-Hungary was a major global manufacturer of armaments with industries centered in Bohemia, Lower and Upper Austria, and Fiume. 2 bis 7./11. Austria-Hungary; Eastern Front; military dictatorship; refugees; shortages, The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Das Interessante Blatt, Vienna, 30 July 1914, Franz Joseph I von sterreich (1830-1916), Regulating state supplementation of foodstuffs, 1917. Legislation from 1912 gave the War Ministry the right to take over whole factories, and to place their workers under military law. Municipal governments created public dining halls and kitchens to provide people with access to cheap meals. It was composed of three parts: the joint army (Gemeinsame Armee, "Common Army", recruited from all parts of the country . The casualties suffered by the military in World War I are estimated to be about 8,500,000 soldiers who died as a result of wounds and/or disease. The Hungarian Ministry of Defense created its own War Surveillance Commission (Hadifelgyleti Bizottsg or HB). [29] Lobbying efforts by Austro-Hungarian politicians in exile like the Czechs Tom Garrigue Masaryk (1850-1937) and Edvard Bene (1884-1948) had produced few effects until the end of 1917. Sanitary conditions were disastrous, and in the first winter thousands died of diseases like typhus. These regional councils were not always specifically nationalist in character. In Transylvania, some communities declared their independence from Hungary to join Romania, while other communities declared themselves Romanian, but expressed loyalty to Budapest. . There is no agreed date on which the Habsburg Monarchy ceased to exist, either practically, formally, or institutionally. The hysteria died down swiftly after barely a month, however, when regional administrators demanded a reassessment of the situation, insisting that the gendarmes only make arrests where evidence actually warranted it. In the east, several regional wars pitted the newly formed militaries of the successor states against each other and against bands of irregular paramilitaries that wreaked havoc on each other and on civilians from the Baltics to the Balkans until well into the 1920s. Institutionally the regional Social Democratic parties offered the government their expertise, and their unions enforced worker cooperation in return for influence over domestic wartime policy and the promise of post-war political reforms. The two states were joined together by a common ruler (the emperor of Austria who was also king of Hungary), a common ministry for foreign affairs, a joint military, a common currency, and a common trade policy. The Ukrainian farmers they encountered were happy to have the protection of the Central Powers against Bolshevik and White Russian forces, but they were not interested in surrendering their produce to anyone. Nationalists of all stripes demanded concessions for the post-war settlement, yet there was no way to balance them without estranging them. Lewis, Mark: The Failed Quest for Total Surveillance: The Internal Security Service in Austria-Hungary During World War I, in: Devlin, Judith, Falina, Maria and Newman, John Paul (eds. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Austrian troops crossing the Isonzo river in November of 1917. Austria-Hungary's Cause of World War I The trigger of one gun being pulled caused the death of 17 million people. This poorly planned final effort ended swiftly in military catastrophe, as starving troops failed to advance in terrible weather on difficult terrain. The origins of the Austro-Hungarian War Archives (Kriegsarchiv) date back to the early 18 th century.In 1711, the "Aulic War Council Chancellery's Archive" (Hofkriegsrtliches Kanzlei-Archiv) was established, but in 1801, the actual "Imperial-Royal War Archives" (k. k. Kriegs-Archiv) were founded.In the course of the 19 th century, the k. Healy, Maureen: Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire. ): Languages and the First World War: Communicating in a Transnational War, London 2016, pp. Austria-Hungary held no extra-Europe colonies, except for a small neighborhood in the Chinese city of Tianjin acquired after the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901). 31-54. In 1914 Austria-Hungary was Europes second largest state (after Russia) with its third largest population (after Russia and Germany). ): Cole, Laurence/Hmmerle, Christa/Scheutz, Martin (eds. / Declercq, C. In October and November, with the help of German units sent from the Eastern Front, it won its greatest victory of the war, against Italy, in the 12th battle of the Isonzo/Soa at Caporetto/ Kobarid. Some municipalities offered employment opportunities for inmates outside the camps. ): World War I in Central and Eastern Europe, (London 2018) p. 28. In February 1915 the government created a War Grain Control Agency to oversee the distribution of flour and bread. Austria-Hungary, Yale University Press, 1940. ): Sacrifice and Rebirth. Now the years 1914 to 1917 and also the few lists published in 1919 are complete. However, the sheer number of legally recognized languages used in the Habsburg Monarchy, the degree to which the two Habsburg states Austria and Hungary institutionalized their use, and the fact that the Austro-Hungarian state itself had no official language, set it apart from its European neighbors. Their ultimatum to Serbia and their subsequent decision for war in 1914 encouraged to some extent by German military leaders impacted the lives of millions of people around the world. Even in 1918, events from 1914 (blue) were still reported. From 1870 to 1910 Austro-Hungarian expenditures on the military as a percentage of the budget declined from 24.1 percent to 15.7 percent. In Vienna, German-speaking parliamentary deputies created a national council on 21 October the provisional national assembly for German Austria. In Budapest, massive demonstrations and street fighting at the end of October toppled the government and brought the revolutionary Count Mihly Krolyi (1875-1955) to power, a move retroactively affirmed by Charles. Any numerical advantage over the Russians that the Austro-Hungarian forces might have gained through early mobilization was quickly lost. Finally, an allied blockade of the Central Powers made it impossible to import foodstuffs or fuels from other global sources. The high commands obsessive anxieties about the loyalties of some language groups (at first primarily Serb and Ukrainian speakers, later Czech, Italian, or Romanian speakers) created a kind of hysteria, especially in the very first months of the war. The early strategic decisions taken by the AOK contradicted military logic and exemplified a kind of wishful thinkingutterly unrelated to factsin which Conrad and many of his colleagues repeatedly indulged in their planning. Worried about accusations of unacceptable conditions for its citizens, the Austrian Interior Ministry took steps to improve conditions. Austria Hungary WW1 Commemorative War Cross KuK Kaiser Karl 1918 Military Medal Austrian Hungarian WWI 1914 Decoration Award Great Franz Joseph Award Emperor Hungarian Austro-Hungarian Hungary Kriegserinnerungskreuz Kriegskreuz Erinnerungskreuz Military Medals Orders Badges Decorations Insignia Army Navy Air Force Pilot Wings decals Dracomedals Medals-Orders Nevertheless, given their focus on national conflict, some contemporaries and later historians speculated that multilingual practices in the military may have weakened morale or the ability of units to function cohesively in the First World War. As military casualties mounted, both food and munitions supplies dwindled, and as refugees from the east clogged the highways, the military found itself forced to call for greater levels of civilian participation in and sacrifice for the war effort. The law shortened the period of service to three years (later two), ending the practice that allowed some men to dodge military service by paying for a replacement. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. According to this logic, war simply sped up an inevitable downfall that was foreseeable in 1914. All of this suggests that in 1914 Austria-Hungary resembled its European neighbors to the west and south in more ways than it differed from them. Yet if Hungarys leaders treated the military measures with suspicion, they did not shy away from imposing their own dictatorial wartime measures. Those who were not called had to join the military reserves or one of the territorial militias, the Landwehr in Austria, the Honvd in Hungary, and the Hrvatsko domobranstvo in Croatia. In terms of munitions, the situation was slightly more favorable to Austria-Hungary, although here as well the state could not take advantage of its technically superior position. [31] Nevertheless, each successor state legitimated its independent existence and territorial enhancements in a language that strongly rejected connection to any Habsburg imperial past. However, the main problem was shortage: local markets received far too few foodstuffs to fill the needs of those who presented ration cards. These developments were especially clear in policies around food and labor. 15-42. I would ManyRoads' work and material is licensed under a: The liberal reform era that established Austria and Hungary as separate states in 1867 had also created a system of general conscription for military service that applied to all male citizens of Austria and Hungary. Austro-Hungarian and German forces broke through the Italian lines, advancing far into Italian territory. Not only was it increasingly difficult to obtain foodstuffs, but what foodstuffs could be obtained saw a big drop in their nutritional value. This administration could in turn impose military justice and military discipline on both the general population and the civilian bureaucracies in Austria. Ideally all refugees should have been transferred in an organized fashion from official sorting stations near Galicia to specific inland destinations, so that they would not overwhelm the cities. On 16 November, Krolyi proclaimed a Hungarian Peoples Republic. Egry, Gbor: Negotiating Post-Imperial Transitions: Local Societies and Nationalizing States in East Central Europe, in: Morelon, Claire / Miller, Paul (eds. Please help keep these soldiers from being forgotten. The Germans dispatched reinforcements to aid the faltering Habsburg forces, but were too late to stop an attack led by Conrad on Italy in Trentino, in June, which failed. Everywhere Ruthenes [a term for Ukrainians] are being executed under martial law.[23], The persecution of groups deemed suspicious by the AOK often became a means of explaining military failure. In August, however, the Central Powers managed at least to halt an offensive against the Russians led by Aleksei Brusilov (1853-1926), to retake Galicia. World War I erupted during the summer of 1914 in an event that historians refer to as the July Crisis.In short, this crisis was caused by the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which led to the major European powers engaging in a conflict.As stated above, prior to the start of World War I, Austria-Hungary was a member nation of the Triple Alliance, alongside Germany and Italy. This database contains World War I casualty lists for the German army. [1], The history of the war in the east fits badly with traditional understandings of war in the west, which ended decisively with an armistice on 11 November 1918 that determined clear winners and a clear loser. That characterization was certainly effective among those who remembered the horrific suffering of the war years, but it could not hide the long-term and quite visible continuities of empire. Cornwall, Mark and Newman, John Paul (eds. At the end of 1914 Austria-Hungary faced a dire military situation. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universitt Berlin, Berlin 2021-11-02. At the same time, the Bolshevik revolution in Russia brought the war on the Eastern Front essentially to a standstill before the end of 1917. A cholera epidemic, brutal massacres of (usually Ukrainian) civilians wrongly suspected of sedition, and the desperate flight of thousands of civilians westward made the situation even more chaotic. [11] This again was due in part to severe budgetary constraints. Watson, Ring of Steel 2014, p. 116; Deak, Istvan: Beyond Nationalism: A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, New York 1990. Journalists and social welfare experts worried about a rise in what they called juvenile delinquency, unsupervised children playing in the streets, smoking cigarettes, attending the cinema. On the other hand, while the reformers of 1868 banned several cruel and irrational traditional punishments, memoirs and letters by recruits often complained about the harsh physical penalties that continued to be meted out in local barracks life.[9]. Wolff, Larry: Woodrow Wilson and the Reimagining of Eastern Europe, Stanford 2020, pp. [30] In Lviv/Lww/Lemberg, on the night of 31 October/1 November, soldiers of the Habsburg military, loyal to the Ukrainian Council, occupied the public utilities and proclaimed Lviv the capital of a new Ukrainian state. https://www.compgen.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/CG-Logo02-340_156px-200x92.png, Austria-Hungary casualty lists 1917 is complete, Verlustlisten sterreich-Ungarn 1917 ist fertig, Fnf Militrkirchenbcher der Festung Glatz fertig erfasst, KB Altenbanz 1716: drei deutsche Wrter in lateinischem Kirchenbuch, Lesehilfe Polnisch: Margaretha Gresmann aus Borowo/Wilhelmswald, Verein fr Computergenealogie e.V. Gerwarth, Robert: The Vanquished. While calculating casualty rates is complex and sometimes controversial, the following statistics are . On 21st March 1918, the Ludendorff Offensive, cost 10,851 German lives. Peasants and draft animals were conscripted for the war effort at the start of the 1914 harvest season. At the same time, by the end of 1917, the first units of so-called Czech Legionaries had been founded in France, made up of Austrian POWs in Russia or Italy who agreed to fight for the allies, a phenomenon that grew rapidly in 1918 among Italian and South Slav groups as well, and that strengthened post-war nationalist claims to having participated actively in the creation of the new or expanded states. Charles also explored possible ways to take Austria-Hungary out of the war, none of which could remove him from the tightening grip of German control. sterreich-Ungarn, Verlustlisten des Ersten Weltkriegs, 1914-1918. Together with his wife Zita (1892-1989), Charles visited several war fronts. there is no effective index for these lists. Most historians today are less willing to attribute the monarchys collapse purely to issues of national conflict. 2005- 2022 eirenicon llc. Consumers repeatedly reacted with anger and frustration to the governments inability to guarantee adequate food supplies. Austria-Hungary began mobilizing for a single-front war on 28 July. The unfortunate Conrad (now commander on the Italian Front) argued for a renewed attack at the Piave river to reinvigorate the war effort. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. WW1 German- Austrian PoWs. Officially, refugees were the responsibility of the two governments, which owed them aid and a small daily allowance. 90-96. At the start of World War One, Europe was a powder keg waiting to be lit. Instead of a heros welcome, Austro-Hungarian POWs found themselves subjected to medical quarantine and political reeducation. Hungary refused to take Austrian refugees, and those who crossed the Carpathians to northern Hungary, for example, had to be sent further west, either by train or on foot. The War Command (Armeeoberkommando, or AOK), originally implemented its Plan B (Balkan) to invade Serbia from three sides, even though Conrad von Htzendorf received intelligence that Russia would soon enter the war. It was also a global leader in higher education; its universities - in the Czech, German, Hungarian, and Polish languages - led in several of the natural and social sciences. Military officials used these disorders as an excuse to clamp down on a range of Serb national organizations in Hungary. Rumors attributed shortages to hoarders, black marketeers, Jewish conspirators, and especially to selfish peasants who allegedly profited from the misery of urban folk. A century ago, Austro-Hungarian forefathers fought, lived, and died in the horrors of World War I. For background on the Habsburg Monarchy in this section, see Judson, Pieter M.: The Habsburg Empire. Some municipalities, however, lobbied for a refugee camp within their territory because the government also promised to build a desirable form of infrastructure such as a new hospital. By this point most regional and nationalist politicians engaged in gradual takeovers of provincial governments. The duality of the Habsburg monarchy had been underlined from the very beginning of the war.Whereas the Austrian parliament, or Reichsrat, had been suspended in March 1914 and was not reconvened for three years, the Hungarian parliament in Budapest continued its sessions, and the Hungarian government proved itself constantly less amenable to dictation from the . 209-283. Du mchtest den Verein fr Computergenealogie untersttzen? Rauchensteiner, First World War 2014, pp. 679-710. Anxieties around the Balkan Wars (1912-1914) made it easier for the high command to persuade governments to pass legislation ensuring that in case of war, the military would replace civilian rule with its own administration. Violence in markets and protest marches to town halls put enormous pressure on municipal authorities, who themselves had no real ability to alleviate the situation. The military responded with brutal requisitions, a strategy that by May 1918 was no longer effective. In September and October of 1914, tens of thousands from Galicia and Bukovina fled the Russian advance on foot or in makeshift wagons, taking with them what little they could rescue from the invaders. Zita assumed leadership of Austrian and Hungarian war charities. ): Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848-1918, volume XI, 2 Bnde, Die Habsburgermonarchie und der erste Weltkrieg, Vienna 2016, pp. . I profughi trentini in Austria-Ungheria e in Italia (1914-1918), Bologna 2018. Post Since many working-class women were drafted to work long hours in munitions factories, it was often children who lined up all night to hold places for their mothers. Many saw refugees as a drain on local resources, as well as a danger to public health or even to public morals. On 5 October a self-styled national council of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, in Zagreb proclaimed itself the representative of the South Slav peoples in Austria-Hungary. endstream endobj 1743 0 obj <>/Metadata 92 0 R/Pages 1740 0 R/StructTreeRoot 287 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1744 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 595.32 841.92]/Parent 1740 0 R/Resources<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 1745 0 obj <>stream In Hungary, even before the start of military mobilization, popular initiatives attacked the alleged treachery of Serb gymnastics societies or Sokols. In April 1915, however, Italy also abandoned its erstwhile ally to join the war on the side of the Entente, thanks to promises of massive territorial aggrandizement at the expense of Austria-Hungary in the secret Treaty of London. In some cases the date or place of death may also be available . The Krolyi government then terminated the 1867 Settlement with Austria, while also promising an unspecified form of autonomy to Hungarys various national groups. By September, when the Bulgarian Front collapsed, it was clear that the war had been lost. To understand how Austria-Hungary went to war so easily, we also need to consider the distinctive institutional position the military occupied in the Habsburg state. Local and regional governments created cartels charged with collecting foodstuffs and monitoring their distribution. World War 1 was caused by a series of events triggered by Serbia's response to Austria-Hungary's demands, and the treaty alliance system that ensured that many other countries would be drawn into the conflict. Camps were expanded; sanitary, medical, and kitchen facilities built; and later, churches, synagogues, and classrooms for both children and adults were added. Presuming that Russia would take much longer to mobilize its forces than Austria-Hungary, he sought to strike a decisive blow against Serbia before moving his forces to Galicia to meet the Russians. Casualty Lists of World War I Austria-Hungary 1914-1919. Defeat was swift and massive. Many people found it difficult to imagine a future without this familiar and unifying figure as head of state. Taken together, the declarations of regional independence in October and Charless non-abdication ended the empire. In addition to these efforts, the Austro-Hungarian government undertook secret discussions with the United States. All eighteen-year-old men were equally liable in an annual lottery, although not all numbers were called up in any given year. In 1914, Austria-Hungary was one of the great powers of Europe, with an area of 676,443 km 2 and a population of 52 million, of which Hungary had 325,400 km 2 with population of 21 million. Socialized in a conservative culture that set itself apart from the rest of society and rejected civilian norms, they feared that the growing influence of popular politics and political conflict weakened the state and diminished Austria-Hungarys great power reputation. Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, [a] the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, [7] was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe [b] between 1867 and 1918. Austria-Hungarys wartime experiences, however, rarely warrant mention in general histories of the First World War, even though the countrys wartime economic organization, food rationing, pioneering refugee provision, and military occupation in Serbia, Lublin, and Albania, were critical elements of the war in the east. To these men and their allies in the aristocracy and parts of the bureaucracy (the Foreign Ministry), undisciplined political squabbles in parliament encouraged social conflict and weakened popular loyalty to the state and dynasty. Interesting diagrams emerge for the four completed years: Many clusters of deaths correlate with periods of major battles and attacks. A 1917 law, for example, banned restaurants from providing sugar on tables or sweetening drinks. Does anyone know where I could possibly find a free and accessible casualty list for soldiers who served under Austria-Hungary during WW1? Info about the project: http://verlustlisten.at, Anregungen oder Rckmeldungen zu Website und Blog gerne an news@genealogy.net. Soon local municipal governments introduced ration cards for a range of products from bread to milk, sugar, fats, and meats. An exception is Watson, Alexander: Ring of Steel. On 11 November, as the war ended in the west, Charles announced his withdrawal from participation in state affairs, but not his abdication. The number of civilian deaths is uncertain but has been estimated to be around 13,000,000, largely caused by starvation, exposure, disease, military encounters, and massacres. Since 1867 the Habsburg Monarchy had consisted of two independent states: Hungary, and a state to which I refer as Austria.[5] Each had its own constitution, its own administrative and judiciary structures, and its own citizenship and language laws. 8 December, 2016. 331-391, especially pp. Charles accession doomed the military dictatorship. When war was declared, police in Southern Hungary immediately arrested several Sokol members. Continuities are also clear in the realms of military and administrative personnel in the successor states. ): Devlin, Judith/Newman, John Paul/Falina, Maria (eds. Taken together, all of these measures introduced what historian and contemporary jurist Josef Redlich (1869-1936) famously called a military dictatorship. Admittedly, each combatant state introduced wartime measures that limited its citizens civil rights and the flow of information, but historians agree that from the start, Austria-Hungarys was harsher than the others. The military dictatorship may have exercised brutal control over society in the early war years, but it could not avoid raising legitimate expectations for a radically reformed post-war world. The literacy rate in the Austrian half of the empire stood at 85 percent in 1910, a number comparable to that of France, although this number masked regional differences between Austrias west and northwest (over 90 percent literacy) and the far east or south (closer to 55 percent). In return, women and men on the home front demanded adequate food supplies as their right, and political and social welfare reforms after the war to recognize the key roles they had played. Military service offered considerable benefits to working-class or peasant recruits, from regular medical care, food and housing, to technical training that provided opportunities for social mobility. In 1915, with considerable German assistance, Austria-Hungary won back most of Galicia and prevented a Russian advance in Bukovina. As historian Tara Zahra has argued, this development only increased the popularity of nationalist organizations among people desperate for assistance in the final year of the war.[14]. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. He removed Conrad as chief of the General staff, and himself replaced the old Archduke Friedrich von sterreich-Teschen (1856-1936) as commander in chief. Die Aufzeichnungen knnen den vollstndigen Namen des Gefallenen, das Geburtsdatum, den Geburtsort, das Datum der Verlustliste sowie militrische Informationen des Gefallenen enthalten, wie Rang oder Einheit. On 11 October Polish nationalists created a similar council in Cracow, seeking to join Galicia to a new Polish Republic. As historian Maureen Healy argued for wartime Vienna, when faced with an economy of rationed information, ordinary people reacted to censorship and propaganda by spreading rumors or denouncing neighbors in an effort to maintain what they believed were standards of fairness and legality.[15]. Millions were wounded, captured or died. German casualties in World War I totaled more than 7 million killed, wounded, missing in action, or taken prisoner. Millions were wounded, captured or died. The Legacy of the Last Habsburg War, New York 2016; See for example, the European Research Council (ERC) project NEPOSTRANS led by Gbor Egry: Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria (1830-1916), collapse of the Italian Front at Caporetto/Kobarid, military leaders abruptly took over the powers of the civil administration and judiciary, Friedrich von sterreich-Teschen (1856-1936), Sixtus, Prince of Bourbon Parma (1886-1934), massive demonstrations and street fighting. (eds. Those who suffered on the home front treated their sacrifice as equivalent to that made by men in battle. Part of this void around the Austro-Hungarian war effort can be explained by historians preoccupation with studying nationalist political conflict within Austro-Hungarian society. The Austrian and Hungarian parliaments did have the right to amend and approve military budgets, however, and over time, their politicians used this right to limit the influence and power of the military. Revised by Mark Goodman, Budapest 1989, pp. Hmmerle, Christa: Dort wurden wir dressiert und sekiert und geschlagen Vom Drill, dem Disziplinarstrafrecht und Soldatenmisshandlungen im Heer (1868 bis 1914), in: Cole, Laurence / Hmmerle, Christa / Scheutz, Martin (eds. Unfortunately, there is no effective index for these lists. Their fates were published in the casualty lists of Austria-Hungary. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood 2001, (ISBN 0313315167). The Austro-Hungarian campaign against Serbia was equally unsuccessful although with fewer immediate consequences. This in turn led to the urban practice of lining up at market shops and stalls often overnight, in order to obtain rationed food. The year 1917 brought political transformation to Austria-Hungary, if no improvement in wartime conditions. As in imperial Germany, the rulers full control over the military made it a kind of separate society governed under different rules and by different authorities, unlike the situation in states like France or Britain where civilian governments exercised ultimate control over the military. As soon as Archduke Franz Ferdinand - the . On denunciation and its reverberations, see Moll, Martin: Kein Burgfrieden. Diese Sammlung enthlt einen Index der Verlustlisten von sterreich-Ungarn aus dem Ersten Weltkrieg. 44-46. endstream endobj 1747 0 obj <>stream 1914-1918 Austria-Hungary, World War I Casualty Lists, 1914-1918 at MyHeritage ($) - index; 1945 Ebensee, Austria, Records of . Will you, please, help the GenTeam through your assistance? Any full-text search yields unsatisfactory results due to the poor print quality of the lists. He appointed Count Ottokar Czernin (1872-1932), a member of Franz Ferdinands inner circle, and a man viewed as hostile to Hungarys interests, as foreign minister. World War I Causes - PowerPoint with Cloze Notes (5 Causes! The indexing of the casualty lists of World War I Austria-Hungary is progressing well. This raised the number of fronts on which the badly over-stretched Austro-Hungarian military fought to three. Seeking out signs of treason, the military encouraged civilian administrators, local police, and provincial gendarmes (now under military command) to punish suspicious civilian behavior in non-war zones. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife of Austria-Hungary were shot and killed by 19-year-old Serbian Nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, during a motorcade after an unsuccessful attempt at bombing . Hungarian politicians angrily complained that nationalists in Austria were even permitted to debate and publish public reform proposals that would have diminished Hungarian territory.[27]. Their nationalist claims rested on an ideology of nationalist self-determination linked to ideas of popular sovereignty that contrasted their own allegedly democratic character with what they claimed had been that of an oppressive empire. ): Battles, battlefields and campaigns, Eastern Front, Battles, battlefields and campaigns, Italy, Battles, battlefields and campaigns, Balkan peninsula, sterreich-Ungarn ; Weltkrieg [1914-1918], Guerre mondiale (1914-1918) ; Autriche-Hongrie, Franz Conrad von Htzendorf (1852-1925). To search the casualty lists, enter your search term (e.g., surname, surname and given name, surname and town) at, http://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/ TNOSORT/-/, http://anno.onb.ac.at/anno-suche/#searc t=date+asc, http://kramerius.nkp.cz/kramerius/handl 1/24665809. Charles could hardly accede to South Slav demands for a trialist restructuring of the Dual Monarchy, however, if Hungary would not countenance it. In 1914 some military leaders hoped to crush Serbia before the latter could become much stronger, and before its Russian ally still smarting from defeat by the Japanese in 1904-1905 developed the military strength to intervene effectively in the Balkans. Businesses and later families had to observe a number of meatless days per week. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By May of 1918, lack of coal forced several steel factories to shut down. Together, German and Austro-Hungarian forces even conquered and occupied much of Russian Poland and the Baltic. Deak, John: The Great War and the Forgotten Realm: The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War, in: Journal of Modern History 86 (June 2014), pp. As did most European states, the Habsburg Monarchy included among its citizens people who used different languages and practiced different religions. ManyRoads Creator, Professional Genealogist, Family Historian, ManyRoads Podcast co-host, Old Guy and most importantly 'opa'. The term Austria-Hungary also regularly leads to confusion. If however, a minimum of 20 percent of a regiments recruits spoke any one of the monarchys recognized languages, then that language became an official regimental language. In English, see especially Watson, Ring of Steel 2014 and Rauchensteiner, First World War 2014. 1776 0 obj <>stream The presence of refugees either on city streets or in rural refugee camps often raised opposition from among local residents, and on occasion produced violence against the newcomers. Rabideau Henss Family Histories & Genealogy. Lein, Richard: Pflichterfllung oder Hochverrat? Zahra, Tara: Each nation only cares for its own: Empire, Nation, and Child Welfare Activism in the Bohemian Lands, 1900-1918, in: American Historical Review 111/5 (December 2006), pp. I would like to find some more information on some ancestors. Die Sammlung enthlt insbesondere Aufzeichnungen von Personen, die im heutigen sterreich, Ungarn, Tschechien (ehemals Bhmen oder Mhren), Polen (ehemals Galizien), der Ukraine (ehemals Galizien), Kroatien sowie Bosnien und Herzegowina geboren wurden. Owed them aid and a state to which I refer as Austria support the militarys budgetary demands were the of. 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