The second part will examine the semantic role of clipping, and in the third part I will try to answer the following question: is clipping a word-formation device? synchronize > sync Clipping is also different from back-formation, which proceeds by (pseudo-)morpheme rather than segment, and where the new word may differ in sense and word class from its source.[3]. Let me give a couple of examples10: limousine /lmzin/ or /lmzin/ >> limo /lm/information /nfmen/ >> info /nf/curiosity /kjristi/ >> curio /kjri/brother /brr/ >> bro /br/camouflage /kmfl/ >> camo /km/condominium /kndmnim/ >> condo11 /knd/. It is perfectly reasonable and normal to say that one attended luncheon in the White House, at Buckingham Palace, at 10 Downing Street, at the Prime Ministers house in Ottawa, Canberra, Wellington, or Tokyo, at the Governors house, at the home of the Lord Mayor of London, at the home of the Mayor of New York City, at the home of the Secretary General, or at the Vice Presidents house. All rights reserved. Wolfgang U., Extragrammatical vs. marginal morphology, in, Morphopragmatics. More than strict golden rules, the rules governing clipping be they morphological, semantic or phonological are tendencies. Although maybe not particularly obvious, it seems that the truncations, in addition to the meaning of the base, signal the familiarity of the speaker with the entity s/he is referring to. the phonology-morphology interaction7: Prosodic morphology deals with the interaction of morphological and prosodic information in determining the structure of complex words. [] Thus. In contrast, the Wright Brothers had full control of their Flyer, and they made four successful fights with four successful landings, all on December 17, 1903. There are four types of possible clipping processes, depending on which part of the word undergoes structural changes: back-clipping (temperature temp, rhino rhinoceros, gym gymnasium), fore-clipping (helicopter copter, telephone phone, plane aeroplane), mixed clipping (influenza flu, refrigerator fridge) and clipping-compounds (paratrooper parachute + trooper). Really? Clipping is one of the ways new words are created in English. One of the rules we can point out for clipping is that, a long and frequent word is more frequently clipped than a short and rare (scarcely-used) word. Clipping is also very often linked to backformation: some authors such as Stockwell & Minkova [2003] or Bauer [1993: 176] consider backformations as cases of shortening: edit (<< editor); burgle (<< burglar); peddlar (<< peddle). The first one deals with semantics and consists in deciding whether the clipped form is a new lexeme or just a new surface form, an allomorph, a free variation of the full form (base lexeme). Three main patterns can be found, with another border-line pattern which can be added: Clipping of the final part, of the end of the word, bi (<< bisexual); binos (<< binoculars); mike (<< microphone), . 50Tournier [1985: 303] indicates that there are 38 patterns of clipped forms, with a predominance of the first four morphophonological patterns: CVC (vet): 31.77%CVCV (demo): 17.48%CCVC (grad): 9.6%CVCC (vibes): 8.62%. Clippings appear as a rather mixed bag of forms abbreviated from larger words, which however, share a common function, namely to express familiarity with the denotation of the derivative. I believe that taxicab is used in Canada, too. Jamet, Denis. Initial clipping, also called apheresis, isthe clipping of the initial part of the beginning of the word,also calledfore-clipping, according to the Journal of English Lexicology. [2] Clipping differs from abbreviation, which is based on a shortening of the written, rather than the spoken, form of an existing word or phrase. The authors refer to stress shift as a means of avoiding stress clash: In numerous cases, the change in stress pattern corresponds to what, [2004: 81] call the leftward displacement of stress, or stress shift. pajamas > jammies. Katamba [2005: 181] also points out that this phenomenon is frequently used in Australian English: A detailed list can be found in Katamba [2005: 181-182]. The second part will examine the semantic role of clipping, and in the third part I will try to answer the following question: is clipping a word-formation device? And the calling cookies biscuits thing as well as calling the strangest pastes pudding just have to stop for the sake of all humanity. For more complete lists of English words formed through compounding, clipping, and blending, please download the following free printable vocabulary lists: if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'brighthubeducation_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_11',142,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-brighthubeducation_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');The articles in this series define and exemplify the most common word formation processes, or the creation of new words, in English including derivation, back-formation, conversion, compounding, clipping, blending, abbreviations, acronyms, eponyms, coinages, nonce words, borrowing, and calquing. This finding seems to call for a phonological lexicology, or a lexical phonology. Also, I think that the Picts were a group of barbarians who raided England many times back during the Dark Ages. 'seventeen 'pounds au lieu de *seven'teen 'pounds, where two primary stresses would follow each other. 34This case is not marginal, and other related examples are provided below (most examples are borrowed from Katamba [2005: 180]): hyp << hypochondriac; rep << reputation; ult << ultimate; extra << extraordinary; incog << incognito; penult << penultimate; hyper << hypercritic; bike << bicycle; mob << mobile crowd (same phenomenon with real compounds, not just neo-classical compounds), etc. An example borrowed from Bauer [1993: 176] is, , the study of committees. 27The second question deals with morphology, and as Bauer [1994: 40] makes clear, the study of clipping is hard to formalize because the formation of new clipped forms is hard to predict; given this unpredictability, the study of clipping is not supposed to be part of morphology, though most linguists see it as a way of forming new words: As far as is known, there is no way to predict how much of a word will be clipped off in clipping, nor even which end of the word will be clipped off. The grammatical restrictions state that the vast majority of clippings are nouns (91%), followed by adjectives (6%), other parts of speech rarely undergoing clipping. The second question deals with morphology, and as Bauer [1994: 40] makes clear, the study of clipping is hard to formalize because the formation of new clipped forms is hard to predict; given this unpredictability, the study of clipping is not supposed to be part of morphology, though most linguists see it as a way of forming new words: Hence, if we accept clipping as a word-formation process, this nevertheless calls for a new definition of morpheme: Recall that we found a set of words that are derived from other words by truncation (e.g. Back clipping is removing the end of a word as in gas from gasoline. He provides the following figures for the words of 1, 2, 3 or 4 phonemes, corresponding to 67.47%: CVC (31.02%)CVCV (19.05%)CCVV (15.01%)CVCC (13.79%)CV (5.77%)VCVC (5.09%)CCV (3.06%)VCC (2.11%)VCCV (1.83%)VC (1.55%). Clipping is, of course, a reductive process that shortens words and thus shortens the effort involved in speech and writing, albeit by a tiny increment. An easy example is the wordexam, which of course comes from the longer wordexamination. ). Examples include ad and advert (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), fax (facsimile), gas (gasoline), gym (gymnastics, gymnasium), memo (memorandum), mutt (muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular music), and clit (clitoris). Bassac Christian, Principes de morphologie anglaise, Linguistica, Pessac, Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2004. Depending on the reference books consulted, the same phenomenon is often referred to as shortening, clipping or truncation. I dont know why some people want to use pics or picts, because pix is a lot older. Since the parts that are deleted in clipping are not clearly morphs in any sense, it is not necessarily the case that clipping is a part of morphology, although it is a way of forming new lexemes. Clipping sometimes called REDUCTION. Bassac [2004: 170] refers to clipping as un processus marginal de construction de mots and writes: Les procds suivants se distinguent des prcdents par leur productivit extrmement rduite. Back clipping What is clipping? memorandum > memo. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. is it a recurrent pattern? ); do rules governing this type of clipping exist? city of Hamburg). This page is not available in other languages. The tendency is therefore to clip the base lexeme originally a Greek word forming a neo-classical compound and to keep the first part of the compound ending in . If I dont know, I will find out. More than semantics or syntax, phonological constituents play an important role in constraining the type of material to be deleted in clippings [Plag 2003: 125]. Its the simple process of forming a new word by clipping off part of an existing word. [Bauer 1994: 40]. [Tournier 1991a: 164]. This example is quite interesting because it shows that the formation of clippings has also to do with other existing words in the linguistic system; would follow the phonological rule put forward by Paillard, but already means something else. The first two definitions are borrowed from Bauer and adopt a semantic and stylistic approach, clipping being negatively defined as a process without any semantic consequences, but with a change in the stylistic value: . Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Examples: An asynchronous data link is less complex and less costly, but it has lower performance. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Marchand's Analysis of Back-Formation Revisited", Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clipping_(morphology)&oldid=1156854265, This page was last edited on 24 May 2023, at 23:51. Questions are welcome. This process is also called zero derivation or a functional shift. The following two examples have been borrowed from the American situation comedy I mean sitcom , s [] were going to have one last awesome night as. parachute > chute As the clipped form is morphologically shorter than the base lexeme, it is very often reduced to a monosyllabic or a disyllabic word, as noted by Stockwell & Minkova [2003: 10] who write that this creation by shortening often results in a monosyllabic word: quiz (<< inquisitive); phone (<< telephone); flu (<< influenza); plane (<< airplane), , etc. Proof of this is that the list of apocopations provided by Wikipedia has no counterpart for apheresis or syncope. 24If a clipped form is considered as a mere abbreviation, it is clear that it is not another form of a given lexeme. And the template goes further, as all vowel-ending clipped forms end either with a long vowel (or neutralized form for /i/), or with a diphthong (considered as a long vowel), which is coherent with the formation of primary lexemes which cannot end in a short vowel: 55 clipped forms (65.48%) end in //; 26 clipped forms (30.95%) end in /i/; 1 clipped form (1.19%) ends in //; 1 clipped form (1.19%) ends in /a/ and 1 clipped form (1.19%) ends in /u/. The letters ination have simply been clipped off, forming a new word that shares the definition and context of the older word. 44One of the rules we can point out for clipping is that a long and frequent word is more frequently clipped than a short and rare (scarcely-used) word. ); do rules governing this type of clipping exist? [2] Clipping differs from abbreviation, which is based on a shortening of the written, rather than the spoken, form of an existing word or phrase. Adiminutive is a word form orsuffixthat indicates smallness,such asdoggiefordogandTommieforThomas. In the classroom This type of word formation is called truncation, with the term clipping also being used." (11a) Ron (-Aaron) (11a) Liz (-Elizabeth) Clipping Blending Abbreviation Acronyms Borrowing Conclusion Let us see the fundamental word-formation processes in linguistics: Derivation 'Derivation' is a significant word-formation process that attaches derivation affixes to the main form to create a new word. Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the word. This applies to either automobiles or trains. In this paper, I would like to study one of the word-formation processes known as shortening, clipping or truncation, adopting a morphophonological approach. 5 The same phenomenon is found in French with clipped forms such as manif and exam. Later the word was applied to a motorized vehicle. Final clipping, also calledapocope, is just what the term implies: clipping or cutting off the last syllable or syllables of a word to form the clipped term, such asinfofor information and gas for gasoline. Im glad Im not the only person who dislikes mic rather than mike, but its handy to know the origin. According to Hans Marchand, clippings are not coined as words belonging to the core lexicon of a language. 1 I would call it a "double truncation," since it reduces two whole words to the first syllable of each. Nordquist, Richard. A special broccasion. Types of clipping? Nary and Open Mike Night could be found. the main word, the word with the main semantic load in the compound, and therefore the word which needs to be kept, as exemplified by the examples provided by Tournier: case (<< suitcase) but *suit; mate (<< checkmate) but *check; pike (<< turnpike) but *turn; quake (<< earthquake) but *earth; roach (<< cockroach) but *cock, etc. In linguistics, back-formation is the process of forming a new word (a neologism) by removing actual or supposed affixes from another word. [2] They originate as jargon or slang of an in-group, such as schools, army, police, and the medical profession. These processes are typically used to express one or more of these notions: d-familiarity (with the entity referred to, and/or with the addressee). This nominal nature can be the first noticeable tendency in the study of clipping. It seems that three cases can be found: either the clipped form and the full form have more or less the same meaning, which is the most frequent case; the clipped form is marked colloquial or slang compared to the base lexeme which is the unmarked form; the clipped form belongs to another register, i.e. 31The unpredictable nature of clipping seems confirmed by an example provided by Tournier [1985] who notes the existence of what he calls suffixation fantaisiste accompanying clipping: champers (<< champagne); beano (<< bean feast), etc. Introduction Clipping or Shortening, is another type of word formation process, in which we can shorten a long word in order to make a synonym. D.A.W. Words are clipped from front, back, or both ends. The word pix is a clipping of pictures. burger, hamburger, cheeseburger, etc. , which explains the open vowel, which is characteristic of the French language. Maeve, I was making the point that the United States is the LEADING railroading country in the world, by far, and the American system is connected intimately with the Canadian system. []In order to save the idea of morphemes as things, one could also propose a different analysis of truncation, assuming the existence of a truncation morpheme which has no phonetic content but which crucially triggers the deletion of phonetic material in the base. 68The question of clipping and diminutives is indeed complex, and I will not go into further detail in their study, as it will lead us too far in this paper. In English grammar, conversion is a word-formation process that assigns an existing word to a different word class, part of speech, or syntactic category. Anyone who has read Shakespeare might see how language has sped up and become much faster and moreclippedover the centuries. biochemist Paul Ehrlich, from chemo- (see chemical) + therapie (see therapy).http://etymonline.com. Another clipping of synchronize is spelled synch. Clipping tends to favor one of the four most frequent morphophonological patterns of primary lexemes. However, you can imagine how this process can slowly reduce the time spent expressing thoughts, paring language down to shorter and shorter words. Clipping occurs whenever a word is shortened but nevertheless still retains its original meaning and belongs to the same word-class. D.A.W. I enjoyed the subtle humor in the recent postings of DAW and venqax but non-native speakers of English might have found difficulty in appreciating this fully. Clipped words| clipping words| what is clipping| Word formation| Linguistic|Types of clipping #clipping words#rootwords #vocabulary #clipped #clippingwords#f. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. This phenomenon is known as the so-called suffixation by Y (orthographic variants of which are IE and sometimes EE) [Plag 2003:117], and Katamba [2005: 181] tends to restrict it to colloquial speech: In colloquial speech, clippings tend to end in a familiar suffix pronounced /I/ (and spelled. Shortened forms of words like rhinoceros (rhino), synchronization (sync), and limousine (limo), common in conversation and informal writing, are usually used in their entirety in formal contexts. In some cases, the syllable structure may be altered (e-xa-mi-na-tion - e-xam). "Complex clipping, as the name implies, is more involved. given word-formation generative rules; whether clipping is part of morphology or phonology; and finally whether phonological constraints are more important than morphological constraints in order to formalize the study of clipping. For example, the following list of words provides some common coinages found in everyday English: aspirin escalator heroin band-aid factoid Frisbee Google Clipping also reduces formality. Note: The word taxi-cab combines two clippings. Clipping is one of the ways new words are created in . Quite paradoxically, clipping has more than one name. In linguistics, clipping, also called truncation or shortening, is word formation by removing some segments of an existing word to create a synonym.Clipping differs from abbreviation, which is based on a shortening of the written, rather than the spoken, form of an existing word or phrase. The morphophonological (prosodic) restrictions first apply to the size of the clipped form; rarely is a clipped form of more than two syllables found, the vast majority of clippings being restricted to monosyllabic clipped forms (58.62%) and disyllabic clipped forms (36.21%). In order to save the idea of morphemes as things, one could also propose a different analysis of truncation, assuming the existence of a truncation morpheme which has no phonetic content but which crucially triggers the deletion of phonetic material in the base. Because of the language's tendency to adopt ways of expressing oneself in the most effective manner that is convey as much meaning as possible in as little as possible products of clipping tend to gain ground in slang words and become a tool used in relaxed, informal, every-day communication, which further solidifies their position in the language. Ive always been an opponent of the mic abbreviation, exactly because it does not meet pronunciation reqs in any way, as MM says. Or people who work in the music industry. D.A.W. [] we will therefore assume a notion of word-formation wide enough to accommodate name truncations, clippings, and diminutives as products of word-formation. The closed form taxicab is also common in the UK. Wells John, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (1999), 3rd edition, Pearson Longman, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_apocopations, http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/department/docs/punctuation/node20.html. 20Finally, Bassac [2004: 171] also mentions the semantic constraints bearing on clipping: the clipped form needs to be long enough to mean something: demonstration >> demo >> *de. Bauer Laurie, English Word-Formation (1983), Cambridge, Cambridge textbooks in linguistics, Cambridge University Press, 1993. Let me give purely discursive creations, showing the infinite morpho-lexical creativity of English. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-clipping-words-1689855. When I wrote: Why cant the people of the other English-speaking countries use the terminology of the worlds leader?, I was referring to railroading, where the United States and North America (adding in Canada) are definitely the worlds leader in miles (kilometers) or tracks, number of railroad cars, and number of locomotives. 1In this paper, I would like to study one of the word-formation processes known as shortening, clipping or truncation, adopting a morphophonological approach. Yet, I would like to show that such a claim is not really justified. I also tried to demonstrate that if the structure and formation of clippings are constrained more or less by semantic and syntactic restrictions, phonological restrictions appear more relevant to account for the formalization of clippings. 94.83% of clipped forms are either mono- or disyllabic. its use is restricted to a particular field, following the so-called specialization of meaning phenomenon; as a consequence, the clipped form is often felt to be more technical than the full form. What exactly is the semantic difference between. Clipped forms are also entered in dictionaries like other genuine lexical items, and they accept the grammatical inflections which are typical of their word class: nouns obtained by clipping can pluralize: gyms, fridges, phones, gators; verbs obtained by clipping can take ordinary verbal inflections; clipped forms can enter into compounds like any other lexical item: gym shoes, porn star, fridge magnet, phone book, which tends to prove that clipped forms are regular, genuine lexical items. , we do not know it as a result of unconscious language acquisition, but because we were explicitly told so. Yet, this rule is not always valid, as shown by the following example: the base lexeme, . Do you wanna talk about impoliteness? 5Katamba provides a somewhat related definition, but adds a phonological dimension to his definition: Clipping is the term for the formation of a new word-form, with the same meaning as the original lexical term, by lopping off a portion and reducing it to a monosyllabic or disyllabic rump. A guess perhaps better than average is that it is from Ger. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. On a semantic and pragmatic level, Katamba [2005: 182] notes that. What is/are then the semantic difference/s between clipped forms and full forms (base lexemes)? For example: The four types of clipping are back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping, and complex clipping. Liraz is an International SEO and Content Expert with over 13 years of experience. Compounding Compounding is a type of word formation where we join two words side by side to create a new word. Cf. The meaning of the clipped form is therefore narrowed, and only one of the meanings is kept in the clipped form4. Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certificate). is a compound. A clipped form is a real word, and not an abbreviation. For example: And the template goes further, as all vowel-ending clipped forms end either with a long vowel (or neutralized form for /i/), or with a diphthong, (considered as a long vowel), which is coherent with the formation of primary lexemes which cannot end in a short vowel. 67Plag [2003: 117] makes a distinction between diminutives and truncated names + clippings, because for him truncated names and clippings are used to express familiarity, whereas diminutives are used to express familiarity as well as a (usually) positive attitude towards the person or thing referred to15. The authors note that clipping is especially popular in the speech of students, where it has yielded forms like prof for professor, phys-ed for physical education, andpoli-sci for political science. No English word ends in )navigator /nvet/ >> navvy /nvi/ (*navy: would be pronounced like navy /nevi/)civilian /svlin/ >> civvy /svi/ (*civy would be pronounced /savi/)showbusiness /bzns/ >> showbiz /bz/ (*showbus: would be pronounced like bus / bs/)details /ditelz/ >> deets /ditz/aficionado /f ind/ >> afish /f/delicious /dils/ >> delish /del/microphone /makrfn/ >> mike /mak/naturally /ntrli/ >> natch /nt/sergeant /sdnt/ >> sarge /sd/because /bikz/ >> cos /kz/ (*cause: would be confused with the noun or the verb)cousin /kzn/ >> cuz /kz/ (*cous: would be pronounced /kus/ or /ks/; the word cousin is pronounced /kzn/, and one of the most common realizations of is // in English). Example Maths, which is a clipped form of mathematics, is an example of this. Copyright 2022 Bright Hub Education. The morphological restrictions state that back-clipping is by far the most frequent type, accounting for three quarters of cases, and that the longer the base lexeme is, the more prone it is to be clipped. syncope [SEENK-uh-pee]: contraction of a word by omission of one or more syllables or letters in the middle, like mam from madam, specs from spectacles, and focsle for forecastle. The fourth and final part will focus on the consequences and phonological realizations of clipping in English to. Some clippings change the spelling of the first syllable in order to keep the desired pronunciation. There are pros and cons to considering backformations as examples of clippings; I personally consider backformations to be different from clippings, because backformations are always opaque, no longer transparent, whereas the origins of most clipped forms can still be traced back; and backformations change the word-class, whereas it is not the case for clipping. , just like in cases of backformations. Could phonology be more efficient to formalize the study of clipped forms? Portmanteau Words: Meaning, Uses and Examples, The Sound 'Schwa' With Definition and Examples in English, Abbreviations and Acronyms for English Learners, Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia, M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester, B.A., English, State University of New York. ThoughtCo, Aug. 29, 2020, thoughtco.com/what-is-clipping-words-1689855. Folk etymology may see this word as a compound (cf. Word Formation: Compounding, Clipping, and Blending written by: Heather Marie Kosur edited by: Tricia Goss updated: 10/17/2014 The word formation processes of compounding, clipping, and blending are important concepts when creating words. Thus, fancy (fantasy), ma'am (madam), and fo'c'sle may be regarded as accelerated forms. If we take a closer look at clipped forms ending with a vowel sound, some tendencies can be observed: It is striking to note that two thirds of vowel sound ending clipped forms end in , and that 15% end in ; but more striking is the fact that some clipped forms ending in or (/i/) did not originally, because the letter or has been added. 21From this short analysis, I do not think that any strict semantic tendency can be inferred for clipping. We have seen that other linguists such as Plag consider clipping to be part and parcel of morphological studies, and this is the option I will adopt in this paper, trying to show how phonology works hand in hand with other devices semantics, morphology, syntax to generate new words in English: The use of the adjective systematic and the noun systematicity indicates that some rules nonetheless exist and can be used to formalize the study of clipping. Alternatively, we could conceptualize the formal side of the truncation morpheme as an empty morph which is filled with material from the base word. (i.e. The meaning of familiarity can be seen as the expression of a type of social meaning through which speakers signal their belonging to a certain group. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. If some linguists reject clipping as part of morphology, therefore rejecting its role as a word-formation device, others deem that its study is closely linked to both morphology and phonology; some of them such as Plag [2003: 116] go further and call for the inclusion of the study of clipping in what he calls prosodic morphology, i.e. If we know that. It is the shortening of a compound word by preserving and combining its initial parts (or first syllables)," saysESL.ph, an online site for learning English as a second language. D.A.W. But abbreviations often end with a period, such asJan.forJanuary, and are clearly understood to be stand-ins for the full term. A short statistical survey I have carried out on a list of 290 clippings provided by Wikipedia2 confirms Tourniers analysis and gives the following results: 8What is interesting to note is that adjectival clipped forms are often converted into nouns, which confirms the supremacy of nouns as clipped forms (bisexual >> bi; traditional >> trad, etc.). Could phonology be more efficient to formalize the study of clipped forms? This seems all the more relevant as Tournier [1985] nonetheless gives some predictable properties of clipping; for instance, he notes that in case of ambiguity for compounds, the clipped form will be generated by fore-clipping: 33This phenomenon seems rather logical as in compounded structures such as N2N1, N1 is the head-word, i.e. ?pornography star). Some examples from English are given below: (36)binoc(ular)sdeli(catessen)de)tec(tive)(head-)shrink(er)op(tical) artsci(ence) fi(ction). (i.e. There is that odd word sleeper that is used in the English of the British Isles, Australia, and New Zealand, but what they mean is a railroad tie in North American English. 51He adds some details in Tournier [1985], by indicating that the first four morphophonological patterns represent 79% of the entire cases, 75% of which end with a consonant sound. This being said, with the use of la langue one is more likely to derive cello from violoncello rather than *ncell since it does not represent a pronunciation that is common or even correct in the English language. 46We mentioned above that back-clipping is by far the most frequent case (73%), which leads Tournier [1985: 305] to write: [L]a troncation ramne le signifiant la partie ncessaire et suffisante son identification. The noun disrespect has been clipped into diss, but cannot really be pluralized because of its use as an uncountable noun. the phonology-morphology interaction. The meaning of the clipped form is therefore narrowed, and only one of the meanings is kept in the clipped form, . What if clipping was not a word-formation device after all, as some linguists argue? 49Another tendency is that, according to Tournier [1991a], clipped forms favor one of the four most frequently used morphophonological patterns, and therefore clipped forms tend to respect the 2.3 syllable-length average in English: La troncation a pour effet de ramener le signifiant dun mot lun des modles morpho-phoniques les plus frquents. In a final clipping, the most common type in English, the beginning of the prototype is retained. The simple word car is a clipping of carriage. Clipping/Truncation. From now on, I will consider the two terms clipping and truncation as synonyms, and shortening as a hyperonym comprising not only clipping/truncation as one of its possible linguistic realizations, but also blends, acronyms, etc., word-formation devices which will not be studied in this paper. cab: a shortening of cabriolet, a light two-wheeled chaise drawn by one horse. 12 The authors refer to stress shift as a means of avoiding stress clash: 'seventeen 'pounds au lieu de *seven'teen 'pounds, where two primary stresses would follow each other.
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