Organized by a 30-something St. Kitts-born singer and actor named Tony Lawrence, the festival actually got started in the summer of 1967. Lawrence gave an entire community of Black people a refuge. In 1972, he made unfounded claims about his former business partners, claiming they had stolen hundreds of thousands of dollars from the festivals funds. Some of you are laughing because you don't know any better, and others laughing because you are too mean to cry. I didnt know I was watching The Harlem Cultural Festival; I just assumed that all festivals in the 60s were from Europe, because America really didnt have that culture yet. Why Doesn't Anyone Remember? The cinematic tribute will screen on Thursday at the Texas Theatre, during the opening night of the Oak Cliff Film Festival. Harlem's Forgotten Festival by Seth Sandronsky Summer of Soul (Or, When the Revolution Could Not Be Televised) is a documentary film streaming on Hulu and playing in select theaters. During the same summer as the legendary Woodstock music festival, the Harlem concert series featured major African American artists against a backdrop of massive social change. "Instead, the cultural zeitgeist that actually ended up being our guide as Black people was 'Soul Train.' I wont hesitate to admit that of all the things Ive done creatively, this is the one that I was really nervous about, and by nervous, I mean scared partly because Im a perfectionist. He didnt know if he remembered it or if anyone believed him, Thompson said. Dont Reform the Courts. ", At least one person in the crowd took that speech to heart: Jesse Jackson, who ran for president twice in the 1980s. Get the latest History stories in your inbox? (Courtesy of Searchlight Pictures). [10] The series of six free concerts had a combined attendance of nearly 300,000. That list includes the Roots Picnic each year in Thompsons native Philadelphia. He admits his first rough cut ran more than 3.5 hours. The 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival took place the year after Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated and the summer before Black Panther revolutionary Fred Hampton was assassinated. There were supposed to be five shows over five consecutive Sundays, a schedule modeled on that of a series of six phenomenal events over six Sundays the previous year, with one major difference: For 1970, the Harlem Cultural Festival moved from its titular home in the historic locus of Black and Latinx life in New York to Damrosch Park, an outdoor space at Lincoln Center, where opera, ballet, and other arts aggrandized by the white elite were staged in the surrounding complex. It had taken a lot of effort for the festival creator, Tony Lawrence, to persuade agents and artists representatives to allow these acts to perform in the heart of Harlem, the symbolic capital of Black urban life which had seen riots in 1967 and looting after Kings murder in 1968. The styles were changing. Additionally, it intentionally highlights the power of gospel. As the New York Amsterdam News reported, The Harlem Cultural Festival, which for so long was a complete success when held in Harlems Mt. The Chambers Brothers performs on June 29, 1969 at the Harlem Cultural Festival, Mount Morris Park, New York, NY. Questlove was. Privacy Statement Maybe this film can be a sea change for these stories to finally get out. Sly and the Family Stone. King, Gladys Knight & the Pips, and Stevie Wonder were among those to perform during the festival, with performances on Sundays at 3 p.m. in Harlems Mount Morris Park (which is now Marcus Garvey Park). For Chelsea 2023, the RHS commissioned Pollyanna Wilkinson to create a garden celebrating some of these 'heroines of horticulture' and it was situated so visitors to the show couldn't miss . Music was changing. At a time when the mere existence of Blackness was considered a threat, racism was standard and powerful leaders like the Rev. Sly and the Family Stone played a psychedelic-rock, funky soul set which urged the crowd to join in and help sing, I Want to Take You Higher. Black gospel music was on display as the Edwin Hawkins Singers took the stage to sing Oh Happy Day. The Staple Singers played their blues-infused gospel and later Mavis Staples was invited to join the Queen of Gospel Mahalia Jackson to perform the Rev. According to the documentary "Summer Of Soul (Or, When the Revolution Could Not Be Televised)," some party members wore their uniforms, while others wore plain clothes, and they spread out across the festival grounds, some sitting up in trees to oversee the show. Are you ready, Black people?, Questloves hand as a filmmaker is active and sure, arranging the scenes for emotional impact rather than historical chronology. And who knows? Years before, we sort of coded it as cultural appropriation, which was a really politically correct way of saying that. So go to school, children, and learn all you can. During this period, Tulchin named the project Black Woodstock in the hope of gaining further interest. Are you ready to smash white things? The coffee brand Maxwell House was the . With a wide array of sounds and the blending of genres, Black artists have always used music as a platform for change. "Often, art and culture are one and the same with political statements," he said. Sign up for our free daily newsletter, along with occasional offers for programs that support our journalism. Despite the Harlem event's prominence, it eventually became more or less lost to historyunlike another festival held the same summer near Woodstock, New York. Only to find out 20 years later, when David Dinerstein and Robert Fyvolent told me that they had this footage and they wanted me to direct this film.. The documentary included clips excavated from 40 hours of live footage from the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival, which had gone unseen for five decades, per The New York Times. ", Another lost battle is the intimacy, the privacy of Beaty-Barnes' concert memories, which will soon be able to be bought, burnt or downloaded into retro-adoring hands. "Once we showed him the footage, the tears started welling. At one point theyre filming Mahalia Jackson and you can literally see how many teeth she has in her mouth. [6], Tony Lawrence also hosted and directed the 1969 festival, held in Mount Morris Park, on Sundays at 3PM from June 29 to August 24, 1969. He didnt learn the specifics of the footage until 20 years later. The app is designed for the phone. targeting:{ Summer of Soul is in theaters and and available to stream on Hulu its a must-see! Yeah, replied the crowd. "And then he would just show up, and you never knew where he had been or what he had been up to. Everyone involved in Lawrence's allegations denied his claims, and Beldock told Rolling Stone that they were "outrageous.". The Amsterdam News published stories about the allegations, claiming that Lawrence is suing his former white partners in promoting the festival for $100 million for fraud. This story was never substantiated, and the Amsterdam News was the only newspaper to print it as there was nothing to corroborate his stories. tn_articleid: [392071], A translator knew his affinity for soul music, and showed him two minutes of a performance by Sly and the Family Stone. Cookie Settings, Courtesy Historic Films, copyright 2006 The Tulchin Group, The U.S. Is Giving Away Lighthouses for Free, How the U.S. As for me, I didnt come into this wanting to be a director or any of those things. It is a love letter to Blackness and Black music, celebrating it in all of its forms. Just as Woodstock showcased iconic musicians, the Harlem Cultural Festival featured the performances of some of the greats: B.B. [20] The event also featured conversations with Jamal Joseph, Felipe Luciano, Gale Brewer, Toni Blackman, Juma Sultan, and Voza Rivers, among many others, at Harlem Stage and the Schomburg. Additionally, it intentionally highlights the power of gospel. Ladies and gentlemen, Lawrence announced from the stage during the festival, From right here in Harlem: Soul time!. King, Mongo Santamara, David Ruffin, the Chambers Brothers, Stevie Wonder, Nina Simone, Gladys Knight and the Pips, Chuck Jackson and more. The message is very poignant.. To submit a correction for our consideration, click here. When I looked out into the crowd, I was overtaken with joy, recalled Mavis Staples.I just saw so many Black people, and they were rejoicing.. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Advertising Notice When he first heard about the festival, Questlove questioned how such a major musical and cultural event could have flown under his radar. Amanda is also an artist, certified intuitive and energy healer, and professional tarot reader. With a wide array of sounds and the blending of genres, Black artists have always used music as a platform for change. Managing Editor Teresa A. Emerson - [emailprotected] The Amsterdam News ultimately admitted that "attempts to substantiate Lawrence's charges against the parties mentioned proved inconclusive." Hes already working on another documentary about Sly Stone, with other artistic ventures to follow chronicling the vital legacy of Black creatives. ", "Who is Tony Lawrence? Two hour-long TV specials were successfully produced and broadcast nationally 1969. Questlove can now add director to his list of accomplishments thanks to his directorial debut: A Questlove Jawn, Summer of Soul (Or, When the Revolution Could Not Be Televised).. It has everything. The event was inspired by the historic Harlem Cultural Festival of 1969, which was the focus of the Oscar-winning documentary Summer of Soul directed by Ahmir "Questlove" Thompson. The footage shows seas of some 100,000 Black attendees whose dress and manner blend a Fourth of July picnic, a Sunday Best church revival, an urban rock concert and a rural civil rights rally. Poster advertising the event. The music venue was also on as the New York Young Lords Party initiated a Garbage Offensive inin El Barrio/East Harlemto bring attention to the citys neglect of that neighborhood. It was always draped in slang, so that you couldnt see the heart or the sincerity of what the problem was., Be it Tik Tok content or be it a festival, I know this one thing this isnt the only story out there! he added. A monthly newsletter on the global fight for reproductive freedom. Email address The summer concert series featured huge acts, including B.B. The Harlem Cultural Festival, with its six free shows from June 29 to August 24, 1969, was different; it appealed to a large cross-section of the community, drawing families and churchgoers as well as the youth of New York City. "This was before DVDs, before VCRs, when you can just soak in it whenever you want," she said. Speakers included then-mayor John Lindsay, introduced on stage as the Black community's "blue-eyed soul brother. You can get it on . There's been a change, and you may be president of the United States one day. Movies Review: 'Summer of Soul': A rousing cultural and musical revolution, now finally seen Sly Stone performing at the Harlem Cultural Festival in 1969, featured in the documentary. The stunning soundtrack to Questlove's 'Summer of Soul,' documenting the Harlem Cultural Festival, will be. Summer of Soul helped to dispel this ideology that Black music is a monolith. Its important to our history, he said. We had to do maybe 2 percent adjustment on the audio. The Amsterdam News noted that Lawrence's claims were unsubstantiated, and, at the urging of Shirley Chisholm and Charles Rangel, the legal action was dropped. Sly Stone performs at the Harlem Cultural Festival in 1969. The second program, broadcast on ABC stations that September, was culled from the concert dedicated to spirituals and sacred music, and featured musical performances by gospel stars Mahalia Jackson, the Staple Singers, and Clara Walker and the Gospel Redeemers, with remarks by the Rev. Most of the marches, protests and assaults on Black Americans in the 1960s took place in the context of the civil rights movement and were recorded on black and white newsreels. Sometimes artists can be neuroticliving inside our heads, he explained. The festival got its start in 1967, when the citys Parks Department hired Tony Lawrence, a local entertainer, to put together summer programming in Harlem. It was always draped in slang, so that you couldnt see the heart or the sincerity of what the problem was., Be it Tik Tok content or be it a festival, I know this one thing this isnt the only story out there! he added. He wanted to maintain a balance between musical styles soul, gospel, jazz, even salsa. Jesse Jackson spoke, and Nina Simone read a black nationalist poem by David Nelson, which contrasted with the tones of Jesse Jacksons speech. Questlove immersed himself completely into the process of selecting which performances to include in the documentary the result is absolutely mind blowing. And the hand of this filmmaker is essentially musical. Source: (Sundance Institute/YouTube/Nerdist). Is your mind ready? she continued. More than a half-century later, the festival finally receives the cinematic spotlight with Summer of Soul, which marks the documentary debut of Ahmir Questlove Thompson, the Roots drummer and frontman who wasnt born until two years afterward. During a webinar press junket, Questlove shared the incredible journey behind the creation of this film. This project, more than anything, has helped me develop as a human being. In the 1960s, Lawrence began working on community projects. The word "trouble" back then was a euphemism for chaos. Summer of Soul helped to dispel this ideology that Black music is a monolith. We really werent speaking of Black erasure. However, he was unable to sell it to any film or television outlet, although New York's WNEW-TV Metromedia Channel 5 broadcast footage on Saturday evenings at 10:30, from June-August 1969. But you have the mental capacity to read the signs of the times. While festivals like Woodstock and Altamont, which had a majority of white artists perform, were historically recognized, the Harlem Cultural Festival was only infrequently featured in occasional broadcastsprior to the creation of Questloves documentary. Who Was J.W. Dallas, Texas 75201. In 2021, Ahmir "Questlove" Thompson released his directorial debut, the documentary "Summer of Soul (Or, When the Revolution Could Not Be Televised)." In 1969, it also won sponsorship from the General Foods subsidiary Maxwell House. Its had an even greater impact on the Black community as a whole. B.B. ", Questlove also questioned how modern culture and Black culture, in particular might have been different had the Harlem Cultural Festival been featured in the history books like Woodstock was. The vocal harmony group Fifth Dimension, singers of Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In, headlined on the festivals very first day. A good amount of great music from the festival was televised, yes. Tony Lawrence was a music and television performer in Virginia before he moved to New York. Aug. 19, 2021 11:50 AM PT In 2003, film archivist Joe Lauro took a trip to Copenhagen to see his longtime friend Karl Knudsen, owner of the jazz record label Storyville. Jesse Jackson. Questlove was introduced to the festival footage long before taking on the role of director. In order to comment, you must be logged in as a paid subscriber. Editors note: Since this article was first published, The Roots drummer and Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon bandleader Ahmir Questlove Thompson won his first Oscar for best documentary feature: Summer of Soul ( Or, When the Revolution Could Not Be Televised).. The concert she attended, what some now call the Black Woodstock, came on the heels of two of Malcolm X's former aides being shotone fatally. It was a phenomenon in Harlem and of Harlem, where artists of color shared their art with hundreds of thousands of other people of color, whose shared experience fueled that art. Questlove's film was released on July 2, 2021 in theaters and on Hulu to critical acclaim. The footage captured performances by some of the biggest names in R&B, gospel, Afro-Latino and Latin music including Stevie Wonder, Sly and The Family Stone, B.B. So go to school, children, and learn all you can. ", Reached recently in preparation for a voting-rights march in New Orleans, Jackson reflected on what was accomplished that summer in Harlem, and summers since. All Rights Reserved. The summer of 1969 was a particularly historic time for the United States. Constructed with care and intellectual fire by Questlove in his debut as a director, Summer of Soul combines a judicious selection of clips from the Harlem Cultural Festival, contemporary interviews with people who attended or performed in it (Mavis Staples, Stevie Wonder, and Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr. of the Fifth Dimension, among others), and archival footage of events in and around 1969 to deliver a full-bodied, multilayered exegesis on the explosion in consciousness and creative expression that the festival encapsulates. As activists we were making a total commitment, said Denise Oliver-Velez, a Young Lords Party member in Summer of Soul. It was like going to war and we were propelled on a wave of music.. WDET is a community service of Wayne State University. Transcript LEILA FADEL, HOST: A long-forgotten Harlem event finally gets its due in the new concert documentary, "Summer Of Soul." Hal Tulchin managed to capture the entire event on film, as he thought that the music and the setting could be made into a feature-length film. Theres always a barrier, and thats how I thought I liked it. This article first appeared in the SUN in July 2021. Instead, security came from the Black Panthers, 21 of whom had been indicted for plotting to mark Martin Luther King's assassination by bombing Macy's, Bloomingdale's, Abercrombie & Fitch and other stores across Manhattan. Lawrence tried to recreate the festival in 1974, calling it the International Harlem Cultural Festival, but it never happened. The answer in short Black erasure. Only to find out 20 years later, when David Dinerstein and Robert Fyvolent told me that they had this footage and they wanted me to direct this film.. Woodstock received national publicity and stayed headline news for nearly a week. Summer of Soul is full of surprises, including an unbelievable drum solo from a then 19-year-old Stevie Wonder. Yeah! Besides Sly, the festival's roster included B.B. The Harlem Cultural Festival celebrated African American music and culture. King, Sly and the Family Stone, Chuck Jackson, Abbey Lincoln & Max Roach, the 5th Dimension, David Ruffin, Hugh Masakela, Gladys Knight & the Pips, Stevie Wonder, Mahalia Jackson, Mongo Santamaria, Ray Barretto, and Moms Mabley, among many others. After the summer of 1969, the summer concert series did not happen again, even though it had been announced for the following summer. The Harlem Cultural Festival was a series of events, mainly music concerts, held annually in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, between 1967 and 1969 which celebrated African American music and culture and promoted Black pride.The most successful series of concerts, in 1969, became known informally as Black Woodstock, and is presented in the 2021 documentary film Summer of Soul. "Look at Aretha Franklin singing R-E-S-P-E-C-T, or Marvin Gaye's 'What's Going On' or Stevie Wonder's 'Happy Birthday,' a tribute to the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King. A Japanese band's concert in the southern city of Guangzhou was also cancelled. Get HISTORYs most fascinating stories delivered to your inbox three times a week. The Harlem. A Harlem Cultural Festival was first proposed in 1964 to bring life to the Harlem neighborhood. Questlove can now add director to his list of accomplishments thanks to his directorial debut: A Questlove Jawn, Summer of Soul (Or, When the Revolution Could Not Be Televised).. The film follows the Harlem Cultural Festival and features rare, unseen footage featuring Stevie Wonder, Gladys Knight and B.B King from the six-week concert series at Harlem's Mount Morris Park . The footage captured performances by some of the biggest names in R&B, gospel . Then, after the 1968 Festival, Lawrence worked during the off-season to secure funding to help expand it for 1969, and he planned to have it broadcast on national television. In addition to the performances, the festival provided a stage for issues. Questlove bridges performance and story with an appealing aesthetic that doesnt distract but complements and amplifies the experience while drawing attention to the elevation of Black consciousness, spirituality and rage that lets loose through intense andfree guitar riffs, drum solos, soul-hitting music and amazing singing. "Ultimately, HFC is our love letter to Harlem, and we're excited to grow it into a landmark cultural experience that encapsulates all the things that make Uptown the nexus of innovation, cultural expression and a place of true community-building." Check out the official flyer for the 2023 Harlem Festival of Culture below. You may unsubscribe or adjust your preferences at any time. This Is Not the End of the Supreme Courts War on Labor. tn_subject: ['culture', 'film', 'music'], In 1972, Lawrence made a series of allegations in the Amsterdam News against two of his former legal and business partners, claiming financial irregularities. ", Hal Tulchin, a longtime television producer, was the only one filming any of itmostly on spec. It was the summer of Woodstock, when a single weekend filled with musical legends and 400,000 counterculture revelers turned a New York dairy farm into a pop-culture nirvana. Highlights include Wonders drum solo, a powerful duet featuring Mahalia Jackson and Mavis Staples, and electrifying sets from King, Simone, and the Fifth Dimension, among others. He claimed that his business partners Harold Beldock and Jerrold Kushnick had taken hundreds of thousands of dollars that were supposed to go toward the festival. [21][22], Tony Lawrence made plans for further festivals, aiming to turn the Harlem festival into an international touring enterprise, and made recordings aimed at promoting the festivals. That is, untilAhmir Questlove Thompson, drummer and frontman of The Roots and a DJ, got his eyes and ears on the footage in 2017 and was determined to bring this hidden history to the masses. A second hour-long special followed on September 16 on ABC, featuring Mahalia Jackson, the Staple Singers, and Reverend Jesse Jackson. According to Blavity, the Black Panther 21 trial was underway at the time after 21 members of the Black Panther Party were accused of planning to bomb buildings . Two of the major No. It all goes down . "But I knew it was going to be like real estate, and sooner or later someone would have interest in it.". It will open in theaters and begin streaming online on July 2. Where is he?'" The crew shot some 40 hours of footage from the six concerts that year, and Lawrence and his business partners began what they hoped would be an expansive project to package the material for television, records, and a feature film or two. And I think by 1969, all of that went out the door. I didnt know I was watching The Harlem Cultural Festival; I just assumed that all festivals in the 60s were from Europe, because America really didnt have that culture yet. [11] Although the majority of this video remains commercially unreleased, CBS broadcast a one-hour special on July 28, 1969 featuring the Fifth Dimension, The Chambers Brothers, and Max Roach with Abbey Lincoln. This film is remarkable. And we're still doing that today in the Bush years. What I will say is that this film has really brought out an awareness and competence in me that I never knew I had.. David Hajduis the music critic of The Nationand a professor at Columbia University. [2] The 1969 event took place around the same time as the Woodstock festival, which may have drawn media attention away from Harlem. This tone is also set against the political backdrop of Richard Nixons presidency and nationwide coverage of the first man to land on the moon. This film has really brought out an awareness and confidence that I never knew I had. By 1968, the Sunday evening shows were bringing in 25,000 fans each night. There was a point where I was wondering could I take the same approach that I take to DJing or putting on a show together with this movie and thats exactly what I did, he said. Summer of Soulwill screen at Cinema Detroit throughout the weekend, starting July 2. (Photo by Jason Mendez/Invision/AP). He found a fan base by the mid-1960s and then began working as a church Youth Director. [6] However, a shortage of funding meant that the plans failed to materialize. Although it never got the notoriety it deserved for decades, the event became influential behind the scenes as a forerunner to other celebrations of Black music and culture, such as the Broccoli Festival, Rolling Loud, and others. At one point, Roebuck "Pops" Staples, of the Staple Singers, injects a sermon into his performance: "You'd go for a job and you wouldn't get it. It continued to grow over three summers, becoming a place for black music, culture, and politics. I first inadvertently saw the footage in Tokyo in 1997, he said. The 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival brought over 300,000 people to Harlem's 20-acre Mount Morris Park from June 29 to August 24, 1969 against a backdrop of enormous political, cultural and. Click here to log inor subscribe. "Summer of Soul: rescuing a lost festival from Woodstock's unlovely shadow", "This 1969 Music Fest Has Been Called 'Black Woodstock.' A CBS News report from that day quotes festival attendee suggesting that the money invested into the moon landing could have been better spent helping poor people in Harlem and throughout the country. Summer of Soul is in theaters and available to stream on Hulu its a must-see! That changed in2021 when a documentary directed by Ahmir Questlove Thompson finally highlighted footage from the event. Sometimes artists can be neuroticliving inside our heads,he explained. Source: (Butler's Cinema Scene). Copyright (c) 2023 The Nation Company LLC, By signing up, you confirm that you are over the age of 16 and, agree to receive occasional promotional offers for programs that support. And if there were 30 things that gave me goosebumps, then we had a foundation, Thompson said. Summer of Soul is full of surprises, including an unbelievable drum solo from a then 19-year-old Stevie Wonder. In 1969, the United States was both in Vietnam and on the moon; the Civil Rights Movement was giving way to Black Power; musical acts were getting more and more outspoken on political issues. Now it has disappeared altogether. Its headline packed two points in three words: Harlem Festival Aint., Fortunately, Lawrence had a plan to preserve the festival in memory and spread its message. Over the course of three summers, it grew into an important stagefor Black culture, politics and music. freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ Morris Parkdisappeared this year from the uptown scene and moved to Lincoln Center. "Tony's biggest aim is to become a movie star, which is probably the only career that can eventually support his expensive appetite for flashy sports cars, sleek motor boats, and extensive worldwide travel," read a 1961 newspaper article about Lawrence (via Rolling Stone). Copyright 2023, D Magazine Partners, Inc. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This leads one to conclude that the only time the white press concerns itself with the Black community is during a riot or major disturbance.. He took legal action against them for fraud, and also claimed that an attempt had been made on his life and that it remained under threat from the Mafia. And hippies danced to folk and rock 'n' roll at Woodstock. Lawrence also claimed that he had been threatened by a "mafia enforcer" and that someone had tried to murder him by blowing up his car, per Rolling Stone. After three years of progressively ambitious events in Harlem, growing from block parties to a star-packed extravaganza that drew some 300,000 people to the festivals site at Mount Morris Park (now Marcus Garvey Park) in 1969, the Harlem-based celebration of Black music and performance moved to a new location five miles south of Harlem and died there. But now you've got an education. The comic legends Pigmeat Markham and Moms Mabley made appearances, and the final show included a Miss Harlem pageant. The most successful series of concerts, in 1969, became known informally as Black Woodstock,[1] and is presented in the 2021 documentary film Summer of Soul. Enjoy unlimited access to all of our incredible journalism, in print and digital. Its soulful. In other words, the Harlem Cultural Festival was a massive event when it came to popular music, and an even bigger one when it came to Black culture. Get a front row seat to the best shows, arts, and things to do across North Texas. It was a cultural movement that allowed people to express themselves in their most authentic ways. "It was a peanuts operation, because nobody really cared about Black shows," said Tulchin, now 80, from his home in Bronxville, New York. It's not on the internet, so I was highly skeptical. tn_ptype: 'article', Probably the most shocking thing that Ive learned in the last month is that theres about six to seven others. One of them is cultural entrepreneur Musa Jackson, who was 5 years old at the time yet retained vivid memories of the occasion. Past Tense At 'Black Woodstock,' an All-Star Lineup Delivered Joy and Renewal to 300,000 Before Afropunk, Nina Simone, Sly Stone, Mahalia Jackson and more graced a Harlem stage in 1969. King, Mahalia Jackson, Nina Simone, Gladys Knight & the Pips, Ray Barretto, The Staple Singers and The Fifth Dimension. This was a game-changer for me.. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! At a time when the mere existence of Blackness was considered a threat, racism was standard and powerful leaders like the Rev.
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