health, burnout, and on perceived changes in work conditions. Another practical implication of assessing burnout preventively for these workers was also shown in this report since burnout could also predict depressive symptoms. The tests most commonly used to diagnose burnout and detect symptoms of job dissatisfaction are the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), the Job Diagnostic Scale (JDS) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). 2018Open AccessThis [3]. doi: 10.1108/IMDS-02-2021-0082 [Epub ahead-of-print]. You can calculate internal consistency without repeating the test or involving other researchers, so its a good way of assessing reliability when you only have one data set. However, to properly compare the burnout levels of different groups, a psychometric instrument with adequate validity evidence should be . I used the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (Kristensen, Borritz, Villadsen & Christensen, 2005) in both my masters and PhD which measures work, personal and client-related burnout useful constructs and is free. J. Occup. CR, PP, TP, and JM: conceptualization and methodology. First, new research has revealed how to bring together all three MBI dimensions in a comprehensive and meaningful way. Testing the ediating role of job burnout. Is the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory free? semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. There is an important caveat with respect to these kinds of organizational assessments:organizations must share the results with the people who generated them. Try meditation, yoga, or other mindfulness practices for improved relaxation. Stress. The Maslach Burnout Inventory can be a helpful tool but only when organizations use it carefully. For a total of 600 workers, we had 348 valid responses, obtaining a response rate of 60%. (2008). This was a study of health, well-being and burnout amongst Nigerian ECDs. 39, 315325. Significant effects due to rephrasing the Maslach Burnout Inventorys personal accomplishment items. The original form of the MBI was developed by Christina Maslach and Susan E.Jackson with the goal of assessing an individuals experience of burnout. eds. Here, we report the psychometric properties of data gathered with the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) in a sample of Portuguese Aircraft maintenance technicians. Stud. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed for the 16 items. Its format emerged from prior exploratory work on burnout in the 1970s, which used interviews with workers in various health and human service professions, on-site observations of the workplace, and case studies. We also hypothesize that burnout can predict worse health outcomes, namely, depression, as well as memory lapses for these workers. Reading and comprehension of the OLBI items does not require a university education. In this study, burnout could predict memory losses and this lower cognitive performance while performing aircraft maintenance can represent a threat to aviation safety. This inventory measures two dimensions of burnout: Exhaustion (which is the primary symptom of burnout) An overlap between depression and burnout has been described since the development of the burnout construct: Freudenberger in 1974 reported that a person suffering from burnout seems depressed (Freudenberger, 1974). Depression was assessed using the depression dimension of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21; Pinto et al., 2015). 15, 14401448. (2016). Employers may add supplemental questions to target issues that are specific to the organization at that time. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. The downloadable PDF file includes one copy of the MBI (all forms), scoring keys, and permission to reproduce/administer the MBI for up to the quantity purchased. Second, some people have decided to use only one of the three dimensions of burnout (usually exhaustion), implicitly proposing a new definition of burnout. Soc. The Mini Z survey is a validated, brief, and effective tool that helps you take the temperature of your work environment. (1) strongly agree to (4) strongly disagree.. Following the recommendations of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (American Educational Research Association, 2014), this paper aims to assess two types of validity of the OLBI instrument in a sample of Portuguese aircraft maintenance technicians. Measuring job and academic burnout with the Oldenburg burnout inventory (OLBI): factorial invariance across samples and countries. How do you score Oldenburg burnout Inventory? doi: 10.21315/eimj2018.10.2.4. Public Health 16:449. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16030449, Mahadi, N. F., Chin, R. W. A., Chua, Y. Y., Chu, M. N., Wong, M. S., Yusoff, M. S. B., et al. The multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI) psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue. OLBIs second-order model factor reduced version (15 items) structure fit for the sample of aeronautic mechanic technicians (n=348). COPSOQ is an instrument for research, for the assessment of psychosocial conditions and health promotion at workplaces. The Maslach Burnout Inventory captures three dimensions of burnout: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA). Pol. Manag. Impact of mental disorders on work performance in a community sample of workers in Japan: The world mental health Japan survey 20022005. 29:e13073. Perceptions of the impact of depression and anxiety and the medication for these conditions on safety in the workplace. Burnout was first introduced in the 1970s by psychologists (Freudenberger, 1974; Maslach, 1976) who conceptualized it as physical and emotional responses resulting from long-term job stress. (2003). doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.014, Vallires, A., Azaiez, A., Moreau, V., LeBlanc, M., and Morin, C. M. (2014). All too often, we have seen leaders collect information from their employees but never provide any feedback about what they learned and whether they will actually use that information for positive improvements. doi: 10.1177/0013164413498257, Saboonchi, F., Perski, A., and Grossi, G. (2013). How to interpret scores obtained on the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory? From its initial conceptualization as emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced personal efficacy for the help professions, burnout has received increasing attention in modern times, especially after the 2019 WHOs inclusion of this syndrome in the ICD-11 list. They often have a greater capacity to generate individual or work group reports. What causes it? In all versions, the MBI yields three scores for each respondent: exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy. . Educ. B., Nachreiner, F., and Schaufeli, W. B. The search for sources of evidence supporting the psychometric properties of the OLBI in such a sample is a mandatory first step in a broader research goal of understanding burnout in aircraft maintenance crews and identifying factors impacted by burnout, such as poor health, depression, and memory lapses. Burnout impacts not only the worker but also the organization, causing high levels of absenteeism, but also presenteeism (Demerouti et al., 2009), that is, the phenomena where employees report to work when they should be off sick. Issues 30, 159165. (2005). Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel (MBI-HSS MP) is a 22-item survey that covers 3 areas: Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP), and low sense of Personal Accomplishment (PA). Finney, S. J., and DiStefano, C. (2013). Psychologist Dr. Christina Maslach of the University of California at Berkeley studies job burnout, what causes it, and what can be done to prevent it. The two-factor structure of the OLBI (see Figure 1) was also confirmed for the Portuguese sample of aeronautical technicians as well as the second-order latent factor (burnout). The participants were 235 employees of a public administration agency who assessed their burnout online for 10 consecutive working days. As such, all psychiatric . Gov. Behav. Psychol. This article will give an overview about what the MBI is, cover some concerning ways that it is being misused, and show how employers should use it for the benefit of employees, organizations, and the worlds understanding of burnout. After work I tend to need more time than in the past in order to relax and feel better. doi: 10.1002/job.4030020205. Work Stress. The exclusion criteria was being on maternity/paternity leave, retired, or on sick leave. The heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations method (Henseler et al., 2015) was used to assess discriminant validity, and the value obtained was of 0.723. The purpose of this study was to assess the test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory for Students (OLBI-S) and convergent validity of the OLBI-S with the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey for Students (MBI-GSS) in Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students. 57, 338349. doi: 10.3357/ASEM.3548.2013, Reis, C., Mestre, C., Canho, H., Gradwell, D., and Paiva, T. (2016). Among these four items, two are for the measured factor and two are against (e.g., I feel fit and Physically I feel only able to do a little), thus trying to obtain the closest answer to reality, reducing response tendencies. This inventory was constructed and validated in an independent study among employees from different occupational fields. doi: 10.18500/1819-7671-2017-17-2-211-218, Sprinks, J. Individual levels of mental and physical fatigue were measured using the Portuguese version of the Multiple Dimension Fatigue Inventory. The measurement of experienced burnout. Large organizations do not have one overall profile on these issues: scores vary considerably across organizational units. This percentage closely matches the male/female ratio among these workers. Data were collected between May and June 2019 recurring to a web survey. Second, organizations should not use the MBI in isolation. (2007). doi: 10.1111/jsr.13073, Reis, D., Xanthopoulou, D., and Tsaousis, I. doi: 10.1037/1072-5245.13.2.176, Sinval, J., Queirs, C., Pasian, S., and Marco, J. Eur. What leads to all these misuses? The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The construct validity of an alternative measure of burnout: Investigating the English translation of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, and further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. This makes these workers particularly vulnerable to occupational health problems (e.g., burnout). All stakeholders from line workers to the boardroom need a complete understanding of what burnout is and how it can be properly identified and successfully managed; this is essential to reshaping todays workplaces and designing better ones in the future. Med. R Core Team (2018). I always find new and interesting aspects in my work. It follows the traditional three-factor structure of burnout, with burnout being expressed by a high score in emotional exhaustion, a high score in depersonalization, and a low score in personal accomplishment. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.123, Leiter, M. P., and Schaufeli, W. B. Table 1. Invariance analysis for education (Secondary vs. University) and shift workers (yes/no) was performed using the package equaltestMI (Jiang and Mai, 2021) with robust maximum likelihood estimation. Introduction: Copyrighted Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is perhaps the most widely used and validated tool in assessing burnout among different occupations and health care professionals compared to the free to use Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) and Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI). doi: 10.1016/j.burn.2014.11.001. skimr: Compact and Flexible Summaries of Data (R package version 1.0.3) [Computer software]. Model. Work & Stress 19(3) 208-220. doi: 10.21909/sp.2015.03.700, Bakker, A. The OLBI was also selected as it includes both positively and negatively worded items. Scores of 50 to 74 are considered moderate, 7599 are high, and a score of 100 is considered severe burnout. The prevalence of excessive sleepiness is higher in shift workers than in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. The phenomenon of burnout is not new people who have been worn out and turned off by the work they do have appeared in both fictional and nonfictional writing for centuries. Items with standardized factor loadings smaller than 0.04 were discarded (Fornell and Larcker, 1981; Marco, 2021). Item descriptive statistics (n=348). Mountain View, CA: CPP, Inc. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., and Leiter, M. P. (2001). The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of the Lisbon Medical School, Portugal (Reference number 190/19). Front. They should combine its findings with those of other tools to determine the likely causes of the five profiles. Given that there is no clinical basis for assuming that burnout is a personal disability, and no evidence for established treatments for it, the use of an individuals scores in this way is clearly wrong. Volume discounts. Since exhaustion can be defined by intensive physical, affective, and cognitive strain, we hypothesized that physical and mental fatigue would be highly correlated to burnout, namely, to the exhaustion dimension of OLBI since it covers the physical and cognitive aspects of exhaustion (H4). Helps evaluate burnout severity based on exhaustion and disengagement statements. Int. The MBI was designed for discovery both of new information that extends our knowledge about burnout and of possible strategies for change. The MBI-General Survey (MBI-GS) was developed for use with people in any type of occupation, and was tested in several countries, in several languages. The estimated time for response was established in approximately 3040min. Management at all levels has to clearly communicate the importance of the organizational assessment; the goal is to make positive change, and management will take action. In this study sample, the DASS-21 showed good psychometric properties for both Depression, Anxiety and Stress, as well as for the second-order General Distress factor (CFI=0.976; NFI=0.955; TLI=0.976; SRMR=0.067; RMSEA=0.055, a=0.747 to 0.880). Psychol. Environ. Does job burnout mediate negative effects of job demands on mental and physical health in a group of teachers? McNamara, A., Arino de la Rubia, E., Zhu, H., Ellis, S., and Quinn, M. (2018). Front. kerstedt, T. (2003). This has led more organizations to become more aware of burnout, and more concerned about what to do about it. In 1981, Maslach and Jackson conceptualized burnout as a three-dimension syndrome: a reduced sense of Personal Accomplishment, high emotional, physical and psychological Exhaustion, and high Depersonalization, a feeling of emotional distancing and indifference toward the recipients or beneficiaries of the work, affecting individuals who do people-work of any nature. Demerouti Burnout Measurement With the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory It was originally developed by Demerouti and Nachreiner (1998), who suggested two burnout dimensions, disengagement and exhaustion, applicable to professionals outside human services occupations. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15310506 (Accessed August 4, 2013). This work is performed around the clock, often by workers working alone, and under adverse weather conditions (i.e., too hot, too cold, rain, and wind), with the need to access hard to reach places of the airplane to make the necessary repairs. Psychol. Methods. One validity evidence is related to the internal structure and the other based on the relationship to other variables. HTMT has been shown to be upward biased if the measurement of the latent variables is not -equivalent and the correlation between the latent variables approaches one (Roemer et al., 2021). The burnout scores were classified as high burnout (22.4% of the respondents), moderate burnout (51,7% of the respondents), and low burnout (25.9% of the respondents). There has been continuing pressure to define burnout in medical terms to make it fit within that system. It is a psychological phenomenon that depends on occupation, also presenting differences between sexes. The OLBIs second-order latent factor model presented an acceptable fit [2(86)=363.461; p<0.001; n=348; CFI=0.927; NFI=0.955; TLI=0.983; SRMR=0.064; RMSEA=0.096; P(RMSEA0.05)<0.001; 90% CI (0.086; 0.107)]. J. How much does the Maslach burnout inventory cost? The CBI consists of three sub-scales measuring personal burnout (6 items),. These were already associated with a decreased performance at work, increasing the odds of on duty accidents to happen (Haslam, 2005; Tsuchiya et al., 2012). Psychol. Although the label can be misused and misunderstood, it is an important red-flag warning that things can go wrong for employees on the job. It doesnt happen overnight, but it can creep up on you. In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. Maslach, C. (1976). These stages have distinct characteristics, which progressively worsen as burnout advances. Career Dev. Third, another scoring modification has involved arbitrarily dividing the sample of respondents in half and inaccurately assuming that the half that has more negative scores is burned out, and the other half is not. This dimension is represented by the following items: item 2 There are days when I feel tired before I arrive at work; item 4 After work, I tend to need more time than in the past in order to relax and to feel better; item 5 I can tolerate the pressure of my work very well; item 8 During my work, I often feel emotionally drained; item 10 After working, I have enough energy for my leisure activity; item 12 After my work, I usually feel worn out and weary; item 14 Usually, I can manage the amount of my work well; and item 16 When I work, I usually feel energized.. 53, 8388. However, evidence of concurrent validity of the OLBI with the MBI-GS has been demonstrated by Halbesleben and Demerouti (2005) for a general American working population and by Campos et al. When employees do work that is not acknowledged, the risk of cynicism and frustration rises. R package version 0.54. , Seek support. Maslach, C., Jackson, S., and Leiter, M. (1996). It was assumed that items with absolute values of sk and ku larger than two and seven were indicative of severe violations to the normal distribution assumption that would recommend against its use in structural equation modeling (SEM) with regular maximum likelihood estimation (Finney and DiStefano, 2013; Marco, 2021). In some types of work (e.g., aviation and health care), this can create a safety issue jeopardizing not only the workers safety but also the safety of others. Available at: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=equaltestMI (Accessed September 6, 2021). However, many forms of personal therapy or treatment can only occur, or be covered by insurance, if there is an officially recognized diagnosis within the overall health-care system. J. Stat. Burnout was assessed with the Portuguese version of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI; Sinval et al., 2019). The concept of burnout has been associated with human services professions (e.g., physicians, nurses, and teachers), but over the last years, this phenomenon has also been recognized for high physically and psychologically demanding jobs like professional athletes (Li et al., 2019) or airline pilots. 4. The items distribution properties are shown in Table 1. Numeric values are the factor loadings for each first-order factors and their respective items [2(86)=363.461; p<0.001; n=348; CFI=0.927; NFI=0.955; TLI=0.983; SRMR=0.064; RMSEA=0.096; P(RMSEA0.05)<0.001; 90% CI(0.086; 0.107)]. Table 2. Disengagement refers to the distancing of workers from the work in general (content or object). We confirm the good goodness-of-fit indices for the reduced 15-item version. Demerouti E. Bakker A. B. & Mostert K. (2010). doi: 10.1037/a0019408, Demerouti, E., Veldhuis, W., Coombes, C., and Hunter, R. (2019). Int. An adapted OLBI student version was already also validated for Greek and German (Reis et al., 2015), as well as for Portuguese (Campos et al., 2012). The Oldenburg burnout inventory: diagnostics of state of Minds change of the employ on a continuum: work engagement professional burnout. The scale showed poor discriminant validity between the two first-order factors (Exhaustion and Disengagement) which provided empirical support for the existence of the second-order Burnout factor. Sci. Lavaan: An R package for structural equation Modeling. Work Stress. This might represent a risk factor for aviation safety since these workers can do line maintenance working alone, without the supervision and redundancy of a second technician, jeopardizing aircraft safety. Job and academic burnout showed partial scalar invariance across German nurses and German students. 11. Item 13 was removed from this version due to the low factor loading, increasing the internal consistency of the instrument, like previously reported for Portuguese and Brazilian general versions, where good evidence of validity was observed (e.g., CFI=0.986, TLI=0.983, SRMR=0.064, RMSEA=0.093; Sinval et al., 2019) as well as for the students version (CFI=0.913, GFI=0.944, RMSEA=0.058; Campos et al., 2012). B., Vardakou, I., and Kantas, A. Since impaired daily functioning was shown to be associated with burnout (Bakker and Costa, 2014), as a proxy for impaired daytime functioning and mental performance we asked whether the participants experienced memory lapses Do you use to have small lapses of memory like forgetting or losing the car keys?. This variable was categorized as yes or no. Pedagogy 17, 211218. Some of these applications are even unethical. Reportedly, clinicians of all kinds are experiencing alarming rates of burnout, and its prevalence among anesthesia providers is high. Helps evaluate burnout severity based on exhaustion and disengagement statements. This is a 16-item self-reported instrument with a five-point rating scale ranging from one=Strongly disagree to five=Strongly agree. It understands burnout as a second-order factor that loads on two dimensions (disengagement and exhaustion), with eight items for each dimension (Demerouti et al., 2001, 2010). The MBI has been criticized for issues relating to its construction, which in turn affects its psychometric properties (Lee and Ashforth, 1996; Demerouti et al., 2001; Bouman et al., 2002). Factor loadings for the first-order model are shown in Table 2. Standards for educational and psychological testing. In this case, she has developed a scale to measure job burnout and a scale to measure the health of the workplace environment. This study used a convenience sample only composed by Portuguese aircraft technicians. The MBI-HSS (MP), adapted for Medical Personnel, is available. The implementation of redundancy protocols and specific working rules, like the ones established for airline pilots, could be an important measure, such as adding the mandatory presence of two maintenance elements, namely, for repair work done between flights, since these are the ones presenting higher stress levels, increasing the propensity for errors and jeopardizing aviation safety. A. D. B., Carlotto, M. S., and Marco, J. For organizations that do not have internal resources to conduct an applied study of employee burnout and engagement, an alternative option is to obtain assessment services from consultants or test publishers. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory: A good alternative to measure burnout (and engagement). These workers follow regular schedules or shift work schedules. The obtained results are in line with the original OLBI validation study performed by Demerouti and collaborators for a sample of Greek workers from different sectors (CFI=0.95, GFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.062). Organ. Burnout and work engagement: A thorough investigation of the independency of both constructs. (2015). The omnipresence of shift work in the aircraft maintenance sector generates, in the work force, levels of daytime sleepiness which are higher than the levels of sleep patients with obstructive sleep apnea, a medical sleep condition characterized by excessive levels of daytime sleepiness (Reis et al., 2020). Does the occurrence of burnout begin with exhaustion, which then leads to cynicism and the decline in professional efficacy, or are there other paths to burnout? The purpose of this paper is to develop evidence for the validity and reliability of an English-language translation of the OLBI. How do you score the Copenhagen burnout Inventory? 62, 538545. Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel (MBI-HSS MP) is a 22-item survey that covers 3 areas: Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP), and low sense of Personal Accomplishment (PA). doi: 10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8, Innstrand, S. T. (2016). 9. Bergen burnout inventory: reliability and validity among Finnish and Estonian managers. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Lisbon Medical School, Portugal (Reference number 190/19). Since its development, oldenburg burnout inventory has been tested in various studies, e.g.,(Campos et al., 2012; Halbesleben, 2010; Halbesleben and Demerouti, 2005; Reis et al., 2015) for assessment of burnout in different occupations. People often put a lot of thought and effort into their comments, and the results can give valuable insights, especially if themes emerge across a wide range of responses. There is a continuum of frequency scores, from more positive to more negative, rather than an arbitrary dividing point between present and absent. A profile of burnout is indicated by more negative scores on all three dimensions. Burnout refers to a state of exhaustion and cynicism toward work and is one of the most popular research topics in occupational health psychology due to the recognized health problems and decreased performance associated with it. The study examined the factor structure of burnout, as measured with the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Baka, . The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) is a valid and reliable measure of burnout in healthcare systems. Methods: The OLBI-N validity and reliability was tested in a sample of 476 nursing students. After rigorous testing, the MBI-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) was published, followed by other versions, including the MBI-Educators Survey (MBI-ES) and the MBI for medical personnel (MBI-MP). As such, this study is among the first validation studies of the OLBI, and the first to assess . J. Environ. Since its first publication in 1981, the MBI has been applied for other purposes, such as individual diagnosis or organizational metrics. in Non-Normal and Categorical Data in Structural Equation Modeling. 63, 506516. 9, 233255. 27, 10101017. Disengagement items are 1 3(R) 6(R) 7 9(R) 11(R) 13 15. (2002). 66, 16. J. Psychol. The lavaan package was also used to probe sources of evidence related to other variables by means of correlational analysis of the OLBI with mental and physical fatigue as well as regression on depression and memory lapses. Construct: The study gathers validity evidence for the use of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory - Medical Student (OLBI-MS), a 16-item scale used to measure medical student burnout. (2018). doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(94)00125-O, Smirnova, A. Y. Are there any norms for that? During the last few years, burnout has gained more and more attention for its strong connection with job performance, absenteeism, and presenteeism. Fornell, C., and Larcker, D. F. (1981). The OLBI was developed as a measure of burnout, containing statements that cover both ends of the exhaustion-vigor and cynicism-dedication continua. What is . Spend time with loved ones, but dont overdo it alone time is important, too. Anxiety, depression and stress: a study of portuguese adults. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI; Demerouti et al., 2001, Demerouti et al., 2003, Demerouti et al., 2010) measures two dimensions of burnout: exhaustion and disengagement. Softw. This study among 528 South African employees working in the construction industry examined the dimensionality of burnout and work engagement, using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. R package version 0.6.1. Who created the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory? Burnout can be measured using several psychometric instruments that range in dimensionality, number of items, copyrighted, and free use formats. Oldenburg Burnout Inventory 1. American Educational Research Association (2014). Ergonomics 62, 233245. The OLBI was developed as a measure of burnout, containing statements that cover both ends of the exhaustion-vigor and cynicism-dedication continua. Review of Literature. 48, 136. The OLBI was developed in response to the criticisms and . Research studies consider this nonconfidential use of MBI scores within organizations to be unethical. Occup. Internal consistency assesses the correlation between multiple items in a test that are intended to measure the same construct. What are some examples of phytochemicals? EASA (2018). Utrecht University and Erasmus University Rotterdam. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) is an alternative instrument for the assessment of work engagement. Shirom, A. (2016). Key Facts 1 I always find new and interesting aspects in my work 2 There are days when I feel tired before I arrive at work 3 It happens more and more often that I talk about my work in a negative way AVE and HTMT were estimated using the semTools package (Jorgensen et al., 2021). Arch. What is psychologist Christina Maslach studying? Byrne, B. M. (2010). The newest measure is the Matches Measure. (2002). The results from these studies confirm the overall good validity evidence of the OLBI across different occupational groups. The organization can then use such reports to develop optimal policies and practices to effect positive change. Front. Burnout among pilots: psychosocial factors related to happiness and performance at simulator training. This instrument measures three dimensions (depression, anxiety, and stress) using seven questions in each; thus, a total of 21 questions using a four-point rating scale to answer (0 it does not apply to me at all to 3 It applies to me most of the time). Examples of burnout measuring scales include the Bergen Burnout Inventory (BBI; Salmela-Aro et al., 2011); Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI; Kristensen et al., 2005); Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBQ; Shirom and Melamed, 2006); the Karolinska Exhaustion Scale (KES; Saboonchi et al., 2013); and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI; Demerouti et al., 2003). Our results add to this validity evidence for aircraft maintenance technicians. Occupational Medicine 2, 11728. Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. The mean age of the total sample was 40.30years (SD=8.62) and ranged from 17 to 62years. 10.After working I have enough energy for my leisure activities. As the pandemic has spilled from 2020 into 2021, so many people in so many places are talking about burnout. Participation was anonymous, and all individuals gave their informed consent to participate in the study. 10, 2740. There are days when I feel tired before I arrive at work. Another misuse has been to consider the three dimensions as symptoms of burnout, and to then argue that a negative score on any one of these symptoms constitutes burnout. Staff Burn-Out. doi: 10.1016/j.slsci.2016.05.003, Reis, C., Staats, R., Pellegrino, P., Alvarenga, T. A., Brbara, C., and Paiva, T. (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (version 4.0) [Computer software]. Psychol. (2003). 52, 397422. The consistency of these results might suggest that item 13 could be dropped from the scale. (2019). In the past 60 years, the term burnout has become a popular way of describing this particular phenomenon that captures what many people are experiencing now. External surveyors can assure confidentiality by acting as intermediaries between employee respondents and management. 13.This is the only type of work that I can imagine myself doing. J. Acad. 15, 209222. doi: 10.1007/s00420-010-0594-3. The results of these studies revealed that oldenburg burnout inventory is econometricvalid Organ. Research from Winona State University has found five distinct stages of burnout, including: The honeymoon stage, the balancing act, chronic symptoms, the crisis stage, and enmeshment. This was a convenience sample of Portuguese civil aircraft maintenance workers. Work engagement and its relationship with various dimensions of work-related well-being in the public transport industry. The diversity of working groups (ranging from blue to white collar workers) where OLBI was already used, presenting in general good values of internal consistency, makes OLBI a reliable instrument to use in different labor contexts. Therefore, we expected the Portuguese OLBI version to present a good fit, confirming its original dimensionality (two factors) for aircraft maintenance workers (H1). When used incorrectly, it can result in more confusion about what burnout is rather than greater understanding. Factor loadings for first-order model. Soc. Work Stress. What is internal consistency in research? 3. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04743.x, Pinto, J., Martins, P., Pinheiro, T., and Oliveira, A. Dev. Comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were used as goodness-of-fit indices. This instrument was chosen because it has a clear distinction between mental (e.g., item seven When I am doing something, I can keep my thoughts on it) and physical fatigue (e.g., item two Physically I feel only able to do a little), and we used only the dimensions of mental fatigue and physical fatigue to assess concurrent validity (Barrett et al., 1981). The construct validity of an alternative measure of burnout: investigating the English translation of the Oldenburg burnout inventory. 5. Whether you reach out to co-workers, friends or loved ones, support and collaboration might help you cope. (2021). (2021). Delgadillo et al (2018) reported Therapists are identified as having low, medium or high OLBI-D scores, based on scores above or below 1 standard deviation of the mean (M = 2.15, SD = 0.52; 1.62 = low, 1.63 to 2.67 = medium, 2.68 = high). Health 27, 7385. Behav. Furthermore, aeronautical technicians often work alone under extreme levels of time pressure, unlike airline pilots which, although having also high levels of stress, can share work and stress loads across the cockpit crew (captain and first officer). Two models were tested with multilevel confirmatory factor analysis, assuming the same one or two-factor structure at the within- and between-person levels. Based on this, regression analysis showed the predictive value of burnout for depression (=0.733, p<0.001, R2=0.533 p<0.001). What does nitroblue tetrazolium positive mean? There were other studies where these differences were present although they were associated with other factors like family and workload (Bekker et al., 2005; Langballe et al., 2011). To test OLBIs psychometric properties for other groups from the aviation field, like airline pilots, would be also highly relevant since they are also critical workers of the aviation industry, presenting reported high levels of fatigue and sleep problems (Reis et al., 2013, 2016), although with higher control of work and rest periods, as well as redundancy protocols (EASA, 2018). Procedia Soc. Res. It consists of two dimensions: exhaustion-vigor and cynicism-dedication. I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R&D engineer. Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) and Guidance Material (GM) Annex III (PART-66) to Regulation (EU) No 1321/2014. Health consequences of shift work and insufficient sleep. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1464667. Most authors studying burnout have used the MBI, which has been criticized in recent years. Behav. Additionally, their social and family commitments need to be fulfilled and, consequently, these workers tend to develop sleep problems like sleep deprivation or insomnia, which in turn leads to increased levels of fatigue and lower performance (kerstedt, 2003; Vallires et al., 2014). My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. Evidence related to the internal structure (construct-related validity) was studied by means of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the polychoric correlation matrix using the diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) estimator implemented in the lavaan package (Rosseel, 2012). Barrett, G. V., Phillips, J. S., and Alexander, R. A. Sci. PLoS One 13:e0193966. Estvez-Mujica, C. P., and Quintane, E. (2018). Outcome variables included burnout, depression, and anxiety, which were respectively assessed using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) and Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression scale, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale. Answering these questions would require research tools that did not yet exist, which led to the creation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Since web surveys on average present low response rates (Massey and Tourangeau, 2013), advertisements via email and by mobile phone text message were sent by the SITEMA (workers association) asking for their participation. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. The MBI aligns with the World Health Organizations 2019 definition of burnout as a legitimate occupational experience that organizations need to address, characterized by three dimensions: The MBI assesses each of these three dimensions of burnout separately. Business Psychology Burnout The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory: A good alternative to measure burnout and engagement Authors: Evangelia Demerouti Eindhoven University of Technology A.B. Prevalence of fatigue in a group of airline pilots. Sleep Med. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. The signs and symptoms are subtle at first, but become worse as time goes on. Table 3. All items are straightforward, positively skewed, relate to the relevant subscale and have high internal reliability [3]. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Analyses of changes over time showed that substantial proportions of the employees changed with regard to burnout levels. Validation of Karolinska exhaustion scale: psychometric properties of a measure of exhaustion syndrome. The educational level of the sample was: secondary level education: 67% and University education level: 33%. Psychol. The oldest and best-known instrument to measure burnout is the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI; (Maslach et al., 1996). Available at: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools (Accessed June 11, 2021). Sleep Sci 9, 7377. Scand. (2005). The Portuguese OLBI version showed to be reliable, free of cost, and an easy to apply instrument to measure burnout in this professional group. (2012) for Portuguese and Brazilian students. J. Appl. Aviat. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory was adapted to measure academic burnout (OLBI-S). Malay language translation and validation of the Oldenburg burnout inventory measuring burnout. Regarding children, 70.1% had children, and individuals from both genders had small children living with them [2(1)=0.464; p=0.491; n=348]; 19.0% were single, 75.9% were married or with a partner, 4.6% were divorced, and 0.6% were widowed. This self-report instrument has five dimensions (general fatigue, physical fatigue, mental fatigue, reduced activity, and reduced motivation), each containing four items. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00246, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Baka, L. (2015b). doi: 10.1177/0971333615622895. In this paper, we studied the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the OLBI, namely, its validity evidence based on the internal structure (reliability, dimensionality, measurement invariance) and the validity evidence based on the relationship with other variables (depression, fatigue) in a sample of airline maintenance technicians. First, some people have added the three scores together. Shift work and occupational medicine: an overview. Leadership in the human service nonprofit organization: The influence of the Board of Directors on executive director well-being and burnout. This article explores what the MBI is, how misuses of the MBI have led to troubling outcomes, and how following the best practices for administering the MBI can help leaders design effective ways to build engagement and establish healthier workplaces. Some have used the descriptions of the range of scores, which divide the range into thirds (lower, mid-range, upper), as the arbitrary cutoffs for low, medium, and high burnout. When their study replicates that same range, they inaccurately claim that a third of the group is highly burned out.. Assess. doi: 10.1590/S0102-79722012000400010, Cheung, G. W., and Rensvold, R. B. How do you calculate Maslach burnout inventory? Int. How important are job attitudes? Why is it a problem? Data gathered with the OLBI displayed good evidence of validity related to internal structure, to other variables, with good evidence of reliability. doi: 10.1080/02678370500297720, Langballe, E. M., Innstrand, S. T., Aasland, O. G., and Falkum, E. (2011). 19, 221237. View. I always find new and interesting aspects in my work. No cost involved in this Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI). Christina Maslach The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is a psychological assessment instrument comprising 22 symptom items pertaining to occupational burnout. When used incorrectly, it can result in more confusion about what burnout is rather than greater understanding. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.06.021, Keywords: Oldenburg burnout inventory, aviation, validity, reliability, burnout, occupational stress, Citation: Reis C, Tecedeiro M, Pellegrino P, Paiva T and Marco JP (2021) Psychometric Properties of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory in a Portuguese Sample of Aircraft Maintenance Technicians. Ann. The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: a multitrait-multimethod analysis. Shift work is common in some sectors like health care, tourism, transports, and particularly the aviation field. 645, 622. An important phenomenon associated with this development is the increase in shift work where standard day workers, that is, working a schedule between 07.308.00 and 17.0018.00h, from Monday to Friday, account only for approximately one-third of the global adult working force (Costa, 2003) with the implication that the majority of workers are working in non-standard schedules, like shifts. Psychiatry Res. Effectiveness of Flight Time Limitation (FTL). doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqg045, Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. These results suggest no convergent validity for the reduced 15 item OLBI. However, using the Fornell and Larcker (1981) criterion, the AVE were 0.474 for Disengagement and 0.384 for Exhaustion which are both smaller than the squared correlation between these two factors (r2=0.565) suggesting poor discriminant validity of the two first-order factors. As far as we know, no similar research has been conducted so far with aircraft maintenance technicians. This instrument was already applied to different worker groups: health care (Peterson et al., 2008; Reis et al., 2015; Sprinks, 2015), students (Reis et al., 2015), teachers (Baka, 2015a; Innstrand, 2016), construction workers (Demerouti et al., 2010), executive directors (Olinske and Hellman, 2017), police officers (Baka, 2015b; Subburaj and Vijayadurai, 2016), bus drivers (Buitendach et al., 2016; Innstrand, 2016), and airline pilots (Demerouti et al., 2019). Figure 1. Outcome variables included burnout, depression, and anxiety, which were respectively assessed using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) and Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression scale, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale. Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd ed.). Thus, the OLBI can be used to produce valid and reliable data for aircraft maintenance technicians with either secondary education or university education. Burnoutwas originally dened as a syndrome of exhaus-tion, depersonalization, and reduced professional efcacy that isencountered amongemployees who work with other people, suchas in social work, healthcare,and teaching (Maslach & Jackson,1981). Considering the impaired daytime function associated with burnout, the predictive value of burnout for memory lapses was also tested. Stress. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Manag. The job demands-resources model of burnout. eds. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is the first scientifically developed measure of burnout and is used widely in research studies around the world. Our project assessed burnout levels in staff by utilising the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) a validated and commonly employed questionnaire.It is considered to have validity congruent to the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) which is often regarded as the gold-standard burnout tool [7, 11, 12].The OLBI was chosen over the MBI for two reasons; it is considerably shorter than the MBI, and it .
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